Recovery of non-target plants affected by airborne bromoxynil-octanoate and metribuzin

The present study was conducted to evaluate the recovery potential of non‐target plants affected by two airborne herbicides. Sunflower at the two‐leaf stage was used as a test plant and exposed for 24 h in a wind tunnel to a range of concentrations of airborne bromoxynil‐octanoate and metribuzin. Quantum yield (φ_PSII) of exposed leaves and of the second leaf pair developed after exposure was determined at a particular time up to 16 days following exposure. Maximum depression in quantum yield of exposed leaves from which a complete recovery occurred within 16 days was 63% for bromoxynil‐octanoate and 60% for metribuzin respectively. The corresponding maximum concentrations were 1.310 and 0.390 μg m^?3 respectively. The second leaf pair was also affected and showed a similar recovery potential. From the results it can be concluded that the significance of airborne bromoxynil‐octanoate and metribuzin must not be overestimated, as sunflower and non‐target plants with a similar sensitivity are likely to recover from air concentrations of both herbicides reported under field conditions.     

基于地基激光雷达的叶倾角分布升尺度方法研究

地基激光雷达因其具有穿透力强,能够提取植被冠层三维结构信息的优势,是提取植被叶倾角分布(Leaf angle distribution,LAD)的理想数据源,因此将地基激光雷达数据与遥感影像结合获取大尺度叶倾角分布结果颇具潜力。以河北省保定市北部4个县为研究区,利用10个玉米样地的地基激光雷达数据提取叶倾角分布结果,使用主成分正变换提取玉米实测叶倾角分布数据中信息量最大的前3个主成分,再利用神经网络模型对所提取的主成分与Landsat8反射率数据结合建立关系模型,然后将训练好的模型应用于整个研究区进行升尺度转换,最后通过主成分逆变换,得到升尺度后平均叶倾角(Mean tilt angle,MTA)结果。对升尺度后LAD与实测LAD及升尺度后MTA与实测MTA进行交叉验证,结果表明,升尺度MTA与实测MTA的验证精度(R2)为0.786 2,均方根误差(RMSE)为3.04°。该结果表明,使用提取主成分方法建立光谱数据与叶倾角分布的关系模型从而达到升尺度转换的目的具有可行性,模拟精度较高,且误差较小。     

陆地生态系统碳循环对土地利用变化的响应

陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳循环中占有重要地位,而土地利用变化是估测陆地生态系统碳储存与释放的最大不确定性因素。植被和土壤是陆地生态系统的两大碳库,是碳循环中的两个重要纽带,土地利用变化影响陆地生态系统土壤和植被碳的固定、积累与释放,从而影响整个碳循环过程。本文主要从土壤和植被碳库的角度出发,综述了近年来土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响及其机理,以及研究方法进展,着重分析了模型在此方面的应用;并提出了未来研究方向的展望。     

蔬菜保护地土壤硝酸盐积累及盐分变化

对天津市部分区县菜田土壤的分析结果表明,温室、大棚内０～２０ｃｍ、２０～４０ｃｍ土壤ＮＯ－３含量与全盐量的相关性分别达到极显著水平;而露地０～２０ｃｍ土壤两者的相关性达显著水平,２０～４０ｃｍ土壤的相关性极差。从定点观测的结果可以看出,春季露地表层土壤（０～３ｃｍ）的全盐量明显高于大棚土壤,其它土层差异较小。     

陆地生态系统二氧化碳通量网的建设和发展

介绍了陆地生态系统CO2通量网和三个地域性CO2通量网（欧洲通量网，美洲通量网和亚洲通量网）的建设与发展状况，并着重对其建设目的，组织结构和数据共享原则等进行了评述。对欧洲通量网与美洲通量网所能提供的共享数据库的研究地点概况，数据特点和主要研究者也进行了介绍，以便国内同行进行对比研究使用。参考全球陆地在不同海拔，不同植被类型的分布比例，在陆地生态系统CO2通量网的分布进行了对比分析。并结合我国科学家在本领域的研究，对陆地生态系统CO2通量网今后的发展方向尤其是在亚洲大陆地区（我国）的研究侧重点进行了讨论。     

机载激光雷达和地基激光雷达林业应用现状

激光雷达技术可以直接获取地物的三维信息,在森林参数反演方面具有独特优势。近年来,机载激光雷达与地基激光雷达在林业上的应用取得很大进展,在森林调查中应用广泛。文中介绍了机载激光雷达与地基激光雷达在森林参数提取中的应用,并分析了两者的优缺点;概述了2种数据结合在森林参数反演中的应用,并对应用前景进行了展望。     

陆生固氮蓝藻对土壤环境的影响

我们于１９８８－１９９０－年通过野外调查和室外试验,探讨了陆生固氮蓝藻对土壤环境的影响。试验证明,陆生固氮蓝藻可以利用空气中的分子态氮合成氮素化合物,不断地加富土壤中的氮化物。同时,由于它们大量的繁殖和死亡腐解也增加了土壤中的有机物质使土肿微生物的生长和活动更加旺盛,土     

Human Exposure to Rabid Free‐Ranging Cats: A Continuing Public Health Concern in Pennsylvania

Rabid free‐ranging cats have been a public health concern in Pennsylvania since raccoon variant rabies first was recognized in the state in the early 1980s. Over the last decade, between 1.5 and 2.5% of cats submitted to Pennsylvania's state laboratories for rabies testing have been positive. In this report, we describe the extent of rabies in free‐ranging cats in Pennsylvania. We also present two examples of human exposure to rabid free‐ranging cats that occurred in Pennsylvania during 2010–2011 and the public health actions taken to address rabies exposure in the humans and animals. We then describe the concerns surrounding the unvaccinated and free‐ranging cat population in Pennsylvania and possible options in managing this public and animal health problem.     

卧龙自然保护区震后小型陆栖脊椎动物调查

小型陆栖脊椎动物是一类稳定、灵敏、高效的环境指示动物,将它们作为生态环境变化的指针具有诸多的优越性。通过围栏陷阱法对卧龙自然保护区内小型陆栖脊椎动物在原始竹林与人工竹林中的分布情况展开调查,进而对保护区内小型陆栖脊椎动物资源现状进行评估,并科学地评估我区震后的生态环境。本次调查共记录到小型陆栖脊椎动物物种5目7科15种,其中两栖类2目2科2种,爬行类1目1科1种,小型兽类2目4科12种。采集的样品数量达到316只。     

Terrestrial Arthropods in the Initial Restoration Stages of Anthracite Coal Mine Spoil Heaps in Northwestern Spain: Potential Usefulness of Higher Taxa as Restoration Indicators

An “edaphic‐landscape” restoration was performed in two anthracite coal mine spoil heaps located in NW Spain as a demonstration and pilot program for the restoration of coal mine spoils. Terrestrial arthropods were used to monitor the process as an alternative to the use of secondary succession of plants or physico‐chemical indicators of soils. This study analyzes the usefulness of the terrestrial arthropods at different taxonomic levels (orders of Arthropoda, families of Coleoptera, and species of Carabidae) as restoration indicators in the initial restoration stages. The terrestrial arthropods respond rapidly to restoration, and the results may be explained by short‐term increase in abiotic factors resulting from the applied techniques, mainly the animal origin of the organic matter added and the biodegradable coconut geotextile. Carabidae is of relatively low value as a short‐term restoration indicator at a specific level. Coleoptera provided the best information for interpreting the ecological results over the short term and had the best relationship with the cost of identification. Likewise, the results showed that the edaphic‐landscape restoration leads to an abnormal arthropod assemblage in the short term because of an excessive abundance of isopods and polydesmids. No clear convergence appeared toward any of the terrestrial arthropod communities present in the grassland, scrubland, or woodland semi‐natural areas, which were used as reference end point. The restoration indicator value produced by the higher taxonomic levels of the studied terrestrial arthropods may be useful and cost‐effective for assessing short‐term changes caused by environmental restorations performed to recover ecosystems affected by mining activities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.