The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) can be installed indoors, allowing year-round production of tropical animals in nearly any climate. A nursery phase is commonly used in Litopenaeus vannamei production since it allows for enhanced biosecurity and better quantification of animals while reducing space requirements. However, it is unclear whether animal density and inclusion of artificial substrate may improve shrimp performance during the nursery phase. In this experiment, we compared shrimp production parameters in two stocking densities with or without the use of an artificial substrate by creating four treatments: low-density LD; 1500 PL/m⁻³, low-density with substrate LDS, high-density HD; 3000 PL/m⁻³), and high-density with substrate (HDS). The LDS and HDS treatments included 0.46-m² of high-density polyethylene 2.5-cm mesh as a substrate, which increased the tank surface area by 21 %. Each treatment was randomly assigned to four 160-l culture tanks, each with a biofilter. The shrimp had an initial weight of 4 mg and were grown for 50 days. The low-density treatments had significantly higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH than the high-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001). Specifically, LDS had the highest DO and pH followed by the LD, HD, and HDS treatments, respectively. High-density treatments had significantly higher NO₂-N levels than low-density treatments during week 2 of the experiment when an unusually high concentration of nitrite was observed. FCR was significantly lower in both low-density treatments than in high-density treatments. At harvest, the total biomass (kg m⁻³) was significantly higher in high-density treatments than in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.001), and the HDS treatment had a significantly greater biomass output than HD. Producers should consider artificial substrate and higher densities during nursery production to maximize shrimp production; however, the effects on water quality should also be taken into account.     

The rates of maize growth and lignin biosynthesis change after root-applied chalcone

The effects of root-applied chalcone at 0.15 mmol L⁻¹ on the growth and lignin biosynthesis in maize were investigated. The contents of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL, EC 6.2.1.12) substrates in maize shoots were increased more rapidly in the samples with chalcone application than in the control and the increase occurred at ≤ 3 h after the application (HAA). The lignin content was reduced by chalcone at ≤ 6 HAA. The shoot growth was suppressed by chalcone at ≤ 9 HAA. Consequently, the results suggest that chalcone suppressed maize growth by inhibiting monolignol biosynthesis.     

不同生长期菌草灵芝培养基成分测定与分析

对不同生长期（接种前、出芝前、出芝后、发酵后）菌草灵芝培养基的常规营养成分及Ca、P含量进行了测定与分析,并且对出芝菌糟的粗多糖、氨基酸和重金属含量进行了测定。结果表明,灵芝菌糟营养成分含量丰富,富舍粗多糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、矿质元素、氨基酸等营养成分。重金属含量在饲料卫生标准规定的范围内,且远低于有机肥料的标准。饲用价值大小排序为发酵菌糟〉出芝菌糟〉未出芝培养料〉培养基质。菌草灵芝菌糟在用作饲料及饲料添加剂、肥料、无土栽培基质等方面具有很大的开发潜力。     

番茄穴盘育苗基质特性及育苗效果研究

为了筛选出适宜北京地区春茬番茄的穴盘育苗基质,并明确其物理和化学性质,以提高育苗基质的标准化,推动育苗技术精准控制的标准化进程,选取了北京地区各大育苗场常用的3种商品基质和6种以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为主要原料复配的自配基质,用于番茄穴盘集约化育苗,分析育苗基质的理化性质及育苗效果。结果表明:A3处理(北京绿穑生物商品基质)番茄幼苗茎粗最大,较CK(草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩体积比为3∶1∶1)增加13.1%,根冠比和壮苗指数也均最大,分别为0.132和0.069,A5处理(草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩体积比按3∶1∶1混合,每穴添加1 g基质伴侣)仅次于A3处理,两处理春季育苗效果好,建议进行推广应用。     

辣椒有机生态型无土栽培本土化集成技术研究

进行了双孢菇残料有机-无机复合基质配方和低成本栽培槽的筛选,并研究了辣椒有机生态型无土栽培管理技术。试验结果表明,以双孢菇栽培残料等为原料的最佳基质配方为双孢菇渣∶羊粪∶炉渣∶细河沙=15∶6∶8∶6(体积比);地下式栽培槽成本低廉、建造简单,667 m2建造成本为3 618元,较地上式和半地下式栽培槽节约成本4 254元和1 418元;其栽培管理采用节水灌溉、长效施肥,全生育期用水79.7 m3/667 m2,比土壤栽培节水62.8%,施肥成本比营养液降低68.4%。     

不同基质对闭鞘姜生长发育和光合作用的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究不同配比的红壤、泥炭、椰糠和珍珠岩6种基质配方对闭鞘姜生长的影响。测定6种基质的物理和化学性质,观测萌芽率、叶片数、茎粗、株高、株幅、光合日变化、根茎鲜重和根茎干重。结果显示,基质S4（泥炭+椰糠+珍珠岩=1∶2∶2）的植株净光合速率（P_n）显著高于其他基质处理。在6种基质生长的植株叶片净光合速率曲线呈单峰或双峰变化,而蒸腾速率曲线呈单峰变化。最大株高、最大根茎鲜重和根茎干重也出现在基质S4种植的植株。从以上结果可知,基质S4比较适合闭鞘姜的生长和根状茎干物质积累。     

白三叶种子催芽技术与育苗基质的研究

以白三叶(Trifoliu mrepens)种子为试验材料,研究水浸时间、育苗基质类型、不同浓度赤霉素与硝酸钾浸种处理对白三叶种子发芽的影响。结果表明,水浸24h可极显著提高种子发芽指数、萌发活力指数、发芽势和发芽率,与未浸种的相比发芽率可提高10%-13%;基质类型对种子的发芽指数和萌发活力指数影响均达到显著水平,种子较适合的催芽浓度与育苗基质组合为50mg·L-2赤霉素、0.2%硝酸钾、园土∶沙∶泥炭土=2∶1∶1,平均发芽率达31.67%,平均萌发活力指数达42.212。     

高效纤维素分解菌的分离鉴定及堆肥效果研究

采用CMC-Na平板法和刚果红染色法从自然发酵的牛粪中分离获得高效纤维素分解菌,通过形态学观察、生化试验及16S rDNA分子生物学对菌株进行鉴定,采用单因素法确定菌株的最佳培养条件,最后接种牛粪进行堆肥发酵观测其效果。结果表明:获得的菌株Y2鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌;经产酶条件优化后,菌株Y2的滤纸酶活力(FPA)为15.83 u·mL~(-1),羧甲基纤维素酶活力(CMCA)高达100.81 U·mL~(-1),分别是优化前的1.3、2.76倍。堆肥试验结果表明:接种Y2组和EM菌剂组均在第3 d进入高温期(50℃),且高温期分别维持了9 d和8 d,接种Y2组纤维素降解率达到42%,而EM菌剂组为35%,接种无菌水组只有10.5%。菌株Y2在堆肥发酵方面具有较大的应用潜力。     

不同底物下瘤胃真菌发酵特性及对粗料的附着

采用体外法研究了不同精粗比底物下(A组为全粗料,B组3∶7,C组5∶5,D组7∶3,E组为全精料)瘤胃真菌发酵特性及其对粗饲料(稻草秸)的附着情况。发酵试验结果表明:随底物精料比例的增加,同一时间点真菌数量呈上升趋势,A组到E组发酵96 h的累计产气量显著上升,分别为177.2 mL、198.2 mL、217.4 mL2、33.4 mL和251.5 mL,提示底物中精料比例的增加能促进瘤胃真菌的生长和发酵。此外,随底物精料比例的增加,羧甲基纤维素酶和α-淀粉酶酶活呈上升趋势,木聚糖酶酶活则呈下降趋势。稻草秸附着结果表明:不同发酵时期底物精粗比对附着于稻草秸的瘤胃真菌数量有很大影响。发酵前期(24 h),精料组(B组、C组和D组)附着于稻草秸表面的真菌孢子囊数显著高于粗料组(A组)。发酵后期(72 h),A组和B组附着于稻草秸表面和切缘的孢子囊数高于C组和D组,A组和B组附着于稻草秸表面和切缘的孢子囊数与48 h相比无显著变化,而C组和D组附着于稻草秸表面和切缘的孢子囊数显著下降。这种附着差异可能与不同精粗比底物提供的能量和附着位点不同有关。     

牙鲆在保藏过程中影响ATP关联化合物降解的因素

为了深入了解牙鲆体内ATP关联化合物的变化,尤其是肌苷酸(IMP)降解这一限速步骤,利用高效液相色谱法(high efficiency liquid chromatography,HPLC)测定不同保藏条件下牙鲆体内ATP关联化合物和K值变化,并探讨了影响其变化的因素。结果显示,0°C保藏条件下牙鲆体内ATP在1 d内迅速降解,产生IMP作为初期的主要积累物质,蓄积一段时间(10 d)后迅速降解为次黄嘌呤(Hx),IMP的降解过程呈现二相性;鱼肉制成鱼糜形态保藏,ATP 0 d时几乎降解完全,但IMP的降解过程仍旧呈现二相性;加入抗菌素的鱼肉中微生物的生长得到有效抑制,此时IMP降解缓慢并且呈线性下降,原本的蓄积过程消失,K值的增长速率也随之减慢;加入Tritonx-100破坏细胞膜结构发现,牙鲆体内IMP的降解速率加快,同时K值的增长速率也随之加快。结果表明,牙鲆的保藏形态影响ATP的降解速率,但几乎不影响其他关联产物的降解变化;保藏后期外源微生物产生的酶与内源酶的叠加作用是导致保藏后期IMP加速降解、从而呈现二相性的原因,微生物是影响ATP关联化合物降解的关键因素;表面活性剂通过改变细胞膜结构也能够影响IMP的降解过程。