梳穗收获飞溅损失的分析和试验

梳穗收获时梳穗齿和穗头的梳脱位置对梳穗收获机的性能影响较大．本文对梳穗收获的飞溅损失进行了初步分析与探讨．确定降低飞溅损失的最佳梳脱区和有效梳脱区并进行了试验，找出了影响飞溅损失的主要参数。     

黄土耕作坡面溅蚀过程中微地形响应特征

[目的]探究60mm/h雨强下不同耕作坡面在溅蚀阶段的微地形变化特征,为黄土坡地水土保持耕作方式布设提供科学依据。[方法]在室内人工模拟降雨试验的基础上,采用激光扫描量测方法分别获取溅蚀前后4种不同耕作方式(人工锄耕、人工掏挖、等高耕作、耙磨整平)黄土坡面微地形相对高程,并对能反映微地形变化的高精度M-ΔDEM进行了分析。[结果]不同耕作措施下坡面微地形均具有较弱的空间变异,其空间分异主要受耕作措施的影响;降雨对微地形具有一定的夷平效应,且不同耕作坡面在1~1.3m尺度范围内均表现出侵蚀平衡现象;不同耕作微地形对溅蚀均具有阻滞作用,其中人工掏挖和等高耕作具有较强的水土保持作用。[结论]微地形水系分维能较好地反映复杂的微地形特征,而坡面耕作方式是溅蚀过程中微地形时空变异分布状况的控制性因子。     

高度对色斑法测量雨滴粒径影响的试验研究

以前的色斑法雨滴率定只考虑色斑直径与雨滴真实粒径的关系，忽略了高度对率定的影响。在大量试验的基础上，通过回归分析，得到了以色斑直径和高度为变量的率定公式。研究表明，水滴下落高度小于5m时需考虑高度的影响；高度大于5m时，高度的影响可以忽略。通过相关性分析，公式的拟合性较好，对以后的色宽法测量雨滴粒径有指导意义。     

不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究

溅蚀是土壤侵蚀过程的开始,为侵蚀发展提供了物质来源。因此,对其进行研究有助于对侵蚀过程的深入了解。本文选择了广泛分布于黄土高原地区的黄绵土,通过对不同粒径的土样进行模拟降雨试验,分析了土壤颗粒的溅蚀规律和表土结皮的形成过程,以及溅蚀率变化趋势。结果表明,不同粒径土样的溅蚀量差异明显,粒径在0.15mm附近的土壤颗粒最易被溅蚀;在一定的降雨历时内不同粒径土样的表土结皮发育完善程度不同,据此可以很好地解释溅蚀率的变化。     

Contribution of sewage sludge to erosion control in the rehabilitation of limestone quarries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of municipal sludge on soil aggregation and to assess its value for soil erosion reduction, both under natural and in simulated rainfall conditions. Doses of 200 and 400 Mg ha⁻¹ sewage sludge (dry weight) were applied to the soil of experimental plots situated on a 28 degree slope. Two sludge application procedures were tested: pre-mixing into the soil before disposal on the slope, and direct application on the soil surface. Sheet erosion was measured by collecting the sediment carried down to a Gerlach trough situated at the base of the plots. Simulated rainfall, with an intensity of 64 mm h⁻¹, was applied to evaluate soil erodibility. When the soil had no vegetation, the erosion measured on plots treated with sludge represented less than 10 per cent of the erosion from the control plot. Even when the vegetation was well developed, the erosion was also lower in the plots where sludge had been applied. In simulated rainfall, the soil loss was inversely proportional to the sludge dose, and when sludge was applied directly on the soil surface the erosion rates and particle mobilization caused by raindrop impact were minimal. Sludge amendments increase infiltration rates and improve soil structure, increasing the mean weight diameter of aggregates and their water resistance.     

Burial rates of surrogate seeds in arable fields

The probability of seed consumption by surface-dwelling predators depends on the duration of seed exposure on the soil surface. We investigated seed burial using painted ceramic beads as surrogate seeds. Fifty beads of three size classes each were applied to small arenas within crop fields and their fates were followed from August to October. New sets of beads were applied as soon as most beads had disappeared from the soil surface. Bead availability on the soil surface declined immediately after placement, and then declined steadily over time, with increased loss during rain and management practices. Smaller beads were incorporated into the soil/litter matrix more easily than larger beads. Bead burial differed considerably among crop environments, with more burial in forage crops (red clover, lucerne) than in row crops (soyabean, maize). The fact that seed availability differed among crop environments suggests that it can be manipulated to maximise predation risk.     

雨滴击溅在薄层水流侵蚀中的作用

试验采用人工模拟降雨方法,对薄层水流侵蚀的两个阶段——雨滴击溅及径流侵蚀进行了模拟试验研究。得出:在消除雨滴打击作用后,坡面侵蚀的主要营力为薄层水流的拖拽力（τ=rhsinα）,且径流侵蚀量S_R与τ有下列关系式: S_R=921.497τ^1.713 r=0.876 α=0.017 以上式为基础,即可从有雨滴打击作用下所产生的侵蚀量中推算出径流侵蚀量S_R与雨滴侵蚀量S_Rd。结果表明:S_Rd一般占总侵蚀量的70%以上,最高可达95%,说明薄层水流侵蚀所产生的泥沙绝大部分是由雨滴击溅所致。因此,笔者认为坡度较小地段的薄层水流侵蚀,应以消除或降低雨滴击溅作用为其主要防治措施。     

基于齿面移动法的齿轮飞溅润滑性能数值分析与验证

由于齿轮传动系统飞溅润滑过程中润滑油流动的复杂性,近年来数值仿真分析方法已逐渐成为评价飞溅润滑性能的重要手段。为解决齿轮飞溅润滑数值建模过程中由于啮合位置间隙太小而带来网格划分困难的问题,该文提出了采用齿面移动法对齿轮进行处理,即在保留所有轮齿和不改变齿轮安装位置的基础上,通过改变轮齿厚度来增大啮合区域间隙,以便于流体域网格划分。该文对不同处理方法获得的飞溅润滑仿真结果进行了对比分析,并结合试验数据,说明了齿面移动法相对于现有文献中的齿轮建模处理方法获得的润滑油飞溅效果更符合实际情况,搅油功耗计算结果误差在8%以内,且工程适用性更好。该研究为进一步分析车辆变速箱、驱动桥等齿轮传动系统的润滑状况提供了参考。     

降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响

选用黄土高原地区的安塞黄绵土、绥德黄绵土、杨陵粘黄土、杨陵农地耕层土进行人工降雨溅蚀试验 ,研究了降雨特性和土壤结构对雨滴溅蚀的影响。结果表明 :土壤溅蚀量与降雨强度相关关系的最佳函数为指数函数 ;将降雨动能与雨滴中数直径的乘积 ( Ed50 )定义为降雨溅蚀力 ,降雨溅蚀力与溅蚀量呈线性相关关系。降雨溅蚀力是降雨潜在溅蚀能力的反映 ,对溅蚀降雨侵蚀力因子的研究有一定参考价值 ;溅蚀总量随降雨历时的增加而增加 ,而溅蚀率则随降雨历时的增加而减小 ,其变化过程可用幂函数描述 ;原状土的溅蚀量仅为其扰动土溅蚀量的2 2 %～ 3 0 % ,随降雨强度增大 ,雨滴打击力对土壤结构的破坏作用增强 ,使原状土与扰动土溅蚀量间的差异缩小。     

片蚀过程中■土团聚体活性有机碳流失特征及其量估算

[目的]揭示土壤团聚体破碎、迁移对活性有机碳流失的影响,建立活性有机碳流失量估算方程,为评估水蚀作用下土壤有机碳流失与矿化的定量关系提供理论支撑。[方法]以黄土高原典型■土为研究对象,设计3种降雨强度(60mm/h,90mm/h,120mm/h)和3个坡度(5°,10°,15°),采用人工模拟降雨技术,通过建立经验方程,对活性有机碳流失量进行估算。[结果]相较雨强,坡度对土壤轻组有机碳(light fraction of soil organic carbon,LFoc)流失的影响更明显,片蚀与溅蚀泥沙LFoc含量均随坡度的增大先减小后增大,而雨强对片蚀泥沙LFoc含量无显著影响(p<0.05);溅蚀泥沙LFoc含量明显低于片蚀,且溅蚀泥沙LFoc未发生明显富集,片蚀泥沙中LFoc发生明显富集;对比不同粒级团聚体LFoc含量发现,<0.05mm黏粉粒、0.05～0.25mm团聚体中LFoc更易于发生富集,而0.25～2mm团聚体LFoc只在小雨强和小坡度条件下发生富集;由于<0.02mm粒级团聚体迁移为LFoc流失的主导因素,基于<0.02mm粒级团聚体迁移量相...