土壤日晒在绿色植保中的应用与展望

土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。     

土壤熏蒸剂棉隆联合太阳能消毒防治草莓土传病害效果及经济效益分析

太阳能消毒技术在世界范围内广泛使用, 由于其经常受到气候差异的影响导致效果不稳定, 通常与其他措施结合以加强防治效果。种植前采用土壤熏蒸是土传病害的有效预防策略, 本研究通过监测土壤温度、理化性质、土传病原菌、草莓植株长势、产量和分析经济效益, 评价了不同浓度的土壤熏蒸剂棉隆和太阳能消毒联合处理对草莓土传病害的防治效果及经济效益分析。种植前棉隆熏蒸和太阳能消毒处理不仅能很好地控制土传病害, 其对镰刀菌属、疫霉属的抑制率分别为64.41%~84.75%、51.59%~86.94%, 而且显著提高了草莓的产量, 增产率为79.9%~99.4%;联合处理的成本较单独太阳能消毒处理仅增加约3.29%~13.17%, 但净收入增长率高达49.77%~66.28%。因此, 在草莓土传病害管理中, 土壤熏蒸与太阳能消毒处理相结合, 可以降低作物感染土传病害的风险, 保证作物稳定高产。     

Use of soil solarization to control root rots in gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii)

Summary An investigation was conducted during the summer months of 1986–1987 and 1987–1988 in Western Australia to evaluate the effect of soil solarization on the control of root rot of gerbera an also on the microbial and nutrient status of the soil. Infested soil cores were sampled from a site where root-rot was a severe problem and were removed to a non-infested site where they were subjected to soil solarization or fumigation. Soil solarization resulted in reduced root rot (root disease index 28.6%) in comparison to the untreated control (52.0%) 8 months after planting. Plants in the fumigated plots had 15.8% less disease than those in solarized plots. Solarization increased the total numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes, and the proportion of bacteria and fungi antogonistic to Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani. The proportion of actinomycetes antagonistic to these fungi, however, did not differ between solarized and control soil treatments. There was a significant reduction in disease in plants grown in infested fumigated soil to which a 10% concentration of solarized soil had been added, suggesting the development of microbial suppression in solarized soil. Phytophthora cryptogea was eradicated to 30 cm by solarization as well as by fumigation. Solarization eliminated R. solani but not F. oxysporum to a soil depth of 10 cm. Solarization increased the levels of NO _n3 ^– -N and NH₄ ⁺-N in soil, but did not affect the concentrations of PO₄ ^3–, K⁺, Fe²⁺, organic C and pH. Yield (as number of flowers per plant) was increased by soil solarization and by fumigation.Increased yields and decreased disease severity in the solarized plots could have been caused by (1) a reduction in the infectivity of the infested soils, (2) an increase in the suppressiveness of the soil, and (3) an increased available of plant nutrients.     

透明膜覆盖土壤太阳能消毒及其对大白菜生长的影响

为了了解覆盖透明膜对土壤的增温和消毒效果,以土壤无覆膜处理为对照,研究了陕西关中地区利用透明膜覆盖进行土壤太阳能消毒期间的温度变化,及对消毒土壤上生长的4个大白菜品种产量和发病率的影响。结果表明,覆膜处理的地表及地下5,10,15和20 cm的最高温度分别可达62.95,54.05,48.05,42.1和40.7℃,与对照相比,平均温度最大差值分别为12.37,10.43,9.46,7.62和7.87℃,即随土壤深度增加,覆膜处理的增温效果下降;就温度持续时间而言,在处理的30 d内,处理与对照温度超过40℃的时间有极大差异,覆盖使地下5,10,15和20 cm处在15:00超过40℃的时间分别为18,14,1和1 d,在19:00分别为15,12,4和1 d,而对照均为0 d;覆膜使土壤日温差加大,晴天尤为显著,并随土层深度增加日温差递减,晴天15:00时,覆膜土壤地表及地下5,10,15和20 cm处的温度分别为对照平均温度的1.41,1.40,1.31,1.23和1.29倍。消毒效果表明,处理田块生长的02杂64、北京桔红心、春晓和秦白二号4个大白菜品种生长势明显增强,毛菜产量较对照高(春晓除外),炭疽病发生率较对照显著降低,降幅达32.3%~71.1%。     

黑膜覆盖控制黄瓜根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的效果

从土壤线虫含量、根结级别和黄瓜生长与产量等方面分析了黑膜覆盖控制黄瓜根结线虫的效果。结果显示，黑膜覆盖消毒并经过一个黄瓜生长季以后，土壤5、10、15、20、30cm线虫数量比对照减少26．9％、13．9％、2．9％、1．9％和0．9％。控制效果随土壤深度增加而下降，同时植物寄生线虫数量减少5％。根结线虫主要分布在0～30cm土层，占总量的97．7％～98．5％。从对根系的危害来看，覆黑膜后黄瓜根结线虫的发病程度比对照明显下降，为害为Ⅰ级，而对常规药剂消毒的植株根系为害达到Ⅳ级。黑膜覆盖消毒不仅使黄瓜产量提高6％，畸形瓜率下降(黑膜覆盖下畸形率为10％，对照为60％)，而且成本比药剂消毒低57％。尽管黑膜覆盖消毒对土壤线虫含量的控制效果不太理想，但从黄瓜生长和产量以及根结着生来看，其控制效果仍然优于药剂消毒。这说明黑膜覆盖主要以降低线虫活性和侵染能力、推迟侵染时间为特征。初步得出结论，经过40d黑膜覆盖消毒可有效控制黄瓜根结线虫的发生及危害。     

Effect of temperature and humidity on the longevity of Orobanche seeds

The effects of moisture and temperature on seed longevity were studied over periods of up to 426 days in three species of Orobanche . Saturated salt solutions were used to achieve equilibrium relative humidities (e.r.h.) between 11% and 85% at temperatures of 20–60 °C. The viability equation describing loss of viability in these conditions applied to the three species such that the lower the temperature and lower the equilibrium relative humidity the greater the longevity. The initial viability differed between species with the seed lot of Orobanche crenata having the lowest viability. However, the relative effect of temperature on longevity and the relative sensitivity of seed longevity to changes in equilibrium relative humidity were the same in all species. Longevity, estimated by the standard deviation of the seed survival curves was greater in Orobanche aegyptiaca and O. crenata than in Orobanche minor , being for example about 100, 103 and 49 days, respectively, at 40 °C, 50% e.r.h. Accurate prediction of longevity is necessary to understand and quantify the population dynamics of weeds and will help the farmer to optimize control measures such as solarization. Taken in conjunction with published data on loss of viability of imbibed seeds, the annual loss of viability on a typical Eritrean farm is predicted to be about 38%.     

日晒高温覆膜对韭菜生长及根际土壤微生物多样性的影响

为明确日晒高温覆膜对韭菜生长及根际土壤微生物群落的影响,本研究在河北省韭菜主产区基于日晒高温覆膜措施对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊进行田间防治试验,就覆膜前后土壤的理化性质进行了比较,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了覆膜对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,日晒高温覆膜技术对韭蛆各龄期幼虫的防治效果达到100%,覆膜12 d后韭菜株高、茎粗、叶宽、色泽、百株鲜重及根长等生长发育指标与未覆膜的对照相比均无显著影响;覆膜后土壤中全磷量显著增加;根据Biolog-ECO培养第144 h的AWCD值计算土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数和丰富度指数均无显著变化。可见日晒高温覆膜对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊具有明显的防治效果,对韭菜生长及韭菜根际土壤微生物多样性无显著影响。     

Effect of soil solarization on subsequent nitrification activity at elevated temperatures

Soil solarization is a nonchemical method of soil disinfection achieved by covering the soil surface with sheets of vinyl plastic to generate elevated soil temperature, generally over 45°C. Such elevated temperatures may be detrimental to some nitrifying microorganisms and favorable to others. However, little information exists to indicate how nitrification activity in soil is affected after solarization. We performed several experiments to investigate the effects of soil solarization on nitrification activity. We found that: (1) if a soil was subjected to pretreatment of 45 or 50°C for as little as 1 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 30°C was less than that of a soil that did not receive any high-temperature pretreatment. However, if a soil received pretreatments of 45 or 50°C for more than 7 d, nitrification activity in a subsequent incubation at 45 or 50°C was greater than that of soil that did not receive high temperature pretreatment. (2) Nitrification activity in three kinds of soil taken from 0–5 cm depth after solarization treatment was greater at 45°C than 30°C. (3) Nitrification activity at 45°C in soil that had received solarization in the preceding year was greater than that in soil that had not been subjected to solarization. This was consistent with the fact that the population densities of ammonia oxidizers were greater in soils that had been subjected to solarization. These results suggest that soil solarization induces nitrifying microorganisms that are more active at 45–50°C than they are at 30°C, and that the effect of solarization on nitrification persists until the next crop season.     

Soil Solarization: Effects on Soil Microbiological Parameters

Soil solarization, obtained by covering soil with plastic films, is a useful practice able to reduce soil pathogen populations. Light plastic films (LPFs) are nowadays widely used especially in open and greenhouse vegetable crop cultivations in Southern Italy, as they are able to raise soil temperature more than 20°C above air temperature. The solarization treatment with LPFs is characterized by a low cost and low environmental impact.

The wide use of these technique causes a concern about the side effect of solarization on soil microbial populations, which are affected the same as plant pathogens by soil heating. As scientific literature pays scant attention to the effect of soil heating on soil microbial parameters, this paper studied the effects of solarization on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, and soil enzymatic activity in the presence of organic amendments and the soil fumigant dazomet.

Solarization appears to be an effective practice able to control nematodes, even though it may cause serious stress on the soil microbial biomass. In addition, it was demonstrated that the organic amendments exert a protective role keeping soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities protected from the detrimental effect of heating.     

Assessment of the differential response of weeds to soil solarization by two methods

The efficacy of solarization in weed control under field conditions of the United Arab Emirates was evaluated by two methods: on-farm weed assessment and a seed germination test. In the on-farm weed assessment method, the weed frequency, density, and dry weight were compared in the solarized and non-solarized plots that were cultivated with cabbage. Prior to solarization, the soil was artificially infested with the seeds of 10 weeds. Generally, the densities of seven species and dry weights of five species were significantly lower in the solarized plots as compared to the control. Launea mucronata , Capsella bursa-pastoris , and Echinochloa colona were very sensitive to solarization, as they did not appear in the solarized plots. However, Portulaca oleracea and Melilotus indica were not significantly affected by soil solarization. In the second method, the germination was assessed for the seeds of four weedy species buried at three depths for different durations of solarization. The results confirmed the great sensitivity of L. mucronata and C. bursa-pastoris seeds to solarization, as all had not germinated after 15 days of solarization, even at the 15 cm depth. The seeds of E. colona , however, were less sensitive after 15 days of solarization, especially at 7.5 cm and 15 cm, respectively. The seed germination method confirmed the resistance of the P. oleracea seeds to solarization. The results emphasized the importance of the germination test to provide accurate predictions about the spatial and temporal changes of the soil seed bank in solarized farms. This would help to determine the optimal duration of solarization in each farm, depending on the kind of weeds infesting the farm.