Mussel Shells,a Valuable Calcium Resource for the Pharmaceutical Industry

(1) Background: The mussel (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis) is the most widespread lamellibranch mollusk, being fished on all coasts of the European seas. Mussels are also widely grown in Japan, China, and Spain, especially for food purposes. This paper shows an original technique for mussel shell processing for preparation of calcium salts, such as calcium levulinate. This process involves synthesis of calcium levulinate by treatment of Mytilus galloprovincialis shells with levulinic acid. The advantage of mussel shell utilization results in more straightforward qualitative composition. Thus, the weight of the mineral component lies with calcium carbonate, which can be used for extraction of pharmaceutical preparations. (2) Methods: Shell powder was first deproteinized by calcination, then the mineral part was treated with levulinic acid. The problem of shells generally resulting from the industrialization of marine molluscs creates enough shortcomings, if one only mentions storage and handling. One of the solutions proposed by us is the capitalization of calcium from shells in the pharmaceutical industry. (3) Results: The toxicity of calcium levulinate synthesized from the mussel shells was evaluated by the method known in the scientific literature as the Constantinescu phytobiological method (using wheat kernels, Triticum vulgare Mill). Acute toxicity of calcium levulinate was evaluated; the experiments showed the low toxicity of calcium levulinate. (4) Conclusion: The experimental results highlighted calcium as the predominant element in the composition of mussel shells, which strengthens the argument of capitalizing the shells as an important natural source of calcium.     

Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates

• 1. Nubbins from 12 coral species were transplanted onto dead giant clam shells at three sites in a lagoon near Bolinao, north‐western Philippines. Transplants were attached using three types of adhesives: cyanoacrylate glue (SG), epoxy putty (EP) and marine epoxy (ME) and were monitored over five months for detachment, in situ mortality and natural self‐attachment by tissue growth.
• 2. Corals attached with SG showed a significantly higher rate of detachment (logrank test) than those attached with either EP or ME (P<0.001 in each case). Also, those attached with EP showed a higher rate of detachment than corals attached with ME (logrank=6.46, P<0.05).
• 3. ANOVA (P>0.05) and survival analysis (logrank=2.85, P>0.05) showed no among‐adhesives differences in in situ mortality. Among the species used, Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Heliopora coerulea and Porites rus had the highest survivorship with 82%, 80%, 76% and 73%, respectively, of nubbins alive at the end of the experiment and also displayed the highest cumulative rates of self‐attachment. Species with the lowest survival rates included Acropora muricata and four pocilloporids.
• 4. Although there was no significant difference in the number of self‐attaching transplants among the adhesives, corals transplanted using ME and EP self‐attached earlier than those transplanted using SG (logrank=11.19, P<0.01).
• 5. Results from this study highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate means of attaching corals to substrates and carefully considering species‐specific traits of candidate corals for transplantation.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

花生壳黄酮的提取纯化工艺

本文采用酶法预处理结合超声波辅助提取的方式,最大程度地提高了花生壳总黄酮的得率,并优化大孔树脂纯化工艺,提高了有效成分的纯度。花生壳黄酮的最佳提取工艺为：花生壳粉与水混合,半纤维素酶与木聚糖酶按1:1（m/m）复配,用量0.25‰,50℃酶解30 min后,按料液比1:20（m/V）加入乙醇至终浓度60%,于功率1000 W,55℃超声波辅助提取60 min,花生壳总黄酮的得率约为2.5%。选用D101型大孔树脂,上样缓冲液为pH 5.0的60%乙醇溶液,洗脱液为pH 10.0的70% 乙醇溶液,上样与洗脱流速为0.75 BV/h和1.5 BV/h。纯化后的花生壳总黄酮和木犀草素的纯度分别为10.54%和5.85%,提高了90%和120%。     

板栗苞液化技术研究(英文)

[目的]对板栗苞液化技术进行研究。[方法]对氢氧化钠、碳酸钠、醋酸(99.5%)、磷酸(85%)、盐酸(37%)和硫酸(98%)6种催化剂对板栗苞液化的影响进行研究,并分析在130、150和170℃液化反应温度下,浓硫酸、磷酸和浓盐酸加入量与苯酚的百分比为1～6%时,对板栗苞苯酚液化效果的影响。对150℃时,以加入量为4%的浓硫酸催化板栗苞苯酚液化产物与甲醛制成的树脂和传统酚醛树脂的性能进行分析。[结果]酸对板栗苞苯酚液化有较好的催化作用,且酸性越强对板栗苞苯酚液化催化效果越好;当反应温度为150℃,催化剂为4%浓硫酸是,板栗苞的苯酚液化效果最佳,液化率可以达到92.11%;当板栗苞粉与苯酚质量比为1∶3时,液化所得产物与甲醛反应所得酚醛树脂基本符合GB/T14732-93的要求。[结论]板栗苞液化制备酚醛树脂是可行的。     

天然材料贻贝壳的应用研究

我国贻贝养殖业迅速发展的同时产生了大量的废弃贻贝壳,如何对其资源化利用成为了研究者关注的热点.综述了贻贝壳的研究利用现状,介绍了其作为钙补充剂、土壤改良剂方面的研究现状,探讨了其在重金属、磷及染料去除方面的应用研究进展,讨论了其作为建筑材料、功能材料以及催化剂等方面的利用进展,并对贻贝壳的再利用的发展方向进行了展望.     

桑盾蚧雌介壳在桃园中的空间分布特征研究

１９９２～１９９３年对桑盾蚧（Ｐｓｅｕｄａｕｌａｃａｓｐｉｓｐｅｎｔａｇｏｎａ）雌介壳在５ａ～８ａ生桃树上的分布进行了研究。结果表明：桑盾蚧雌介壳在桃树不同方位枝条上所占树表皮面积和枝条受害程度均表现为南边＞东边＞西边＞北边，且雌介壳多集中于主枝上；主枝上空介壳多于小枝；在桃园中雌介壳呈聚集分布。     

基于螺旋贝壳仿生的发动机增压器涡轮蜗壳设计提升涡轮性能

增压器蜗壳性能直接影响增压器整体效率和性能。通过降低蜗壳内腔流动阻力、减少蜗壳能量损失对提高增压器效率和性能具有重要意义。海洋螺旋形贝壳在进化过程中形成了减少流体阻力、降低运动过程中流体能量损耗的结构特征。该文以螺旋贝壳为仿生原型,通过逆向工程技术获取贝壳内腔数据,在几何分析的基础上提取内腔截面部分数据作为仿生蜗壳设计原始数据,并完成数学建模。通过数据优化得到增压器涡轮蜗壳仿生设计截面曲线,实现蜗壳仿生曲面设计。建立原型增压器和仿生增压器计算模型,在原型增压器仿真模型与台架试验吻合较好的条件下,采用流体力学软件对原型及仿生优化增压器涡轮效率、流通特性及蜗壳内流态等性能进行仿真分析。结果表明,涡轮流通能力不变情况下,仿生蜗壳使涡轮效率提升3%,最大可提升5%以上;流场分析结果表明,仿生优化蜗壳减小蜗壳壁面附近的流动损失和流道内气流摩擦,壳内流动平稳均匀,无旋流,是涡轮效率明显提高的根源。本文所采用的方法对增压器涡轮性能的提升显著,可以为汽车和农业机械涡轮增压系统设计和优化提供参考和借鉴。     

澳洲坚果热风干燥过程中果壳收缩特性

该文以澳洲坚果为对象,研究了热风干燥过程中果壳的收缩特性。利用试验方法获得了果壳在不同含水率、不同方向下的收缩曲线、线应变和湿线膨胀系数。并推导了果壳内部各单元层边界的收缩方程,通过收缩方程计算出任一含水率、任一单元层的外径和收缩量。结果显示:果壳的收缩在宽度向、种脐向、水平向存在差异,线应变为宽度向最小,其次为种脐向,水平向最大,且随含水率的减小而呈非线性增长趋势。计算数据还表明:果壳收缩量由内至外逐渐增大,收缩不均匀;且收缩量随含水率的降低呈非线性增长趋势。由收缩方程计算出最外单元层的外径值,与试验值进行比较,最大误差为5.83%,证明收缩方程的预测性较好。研究结果可为澳洲坚果深加工提供一定的参考。     

改性白果壳对水溶液中重金属镉的吸附研究

为实现农林废弃物的资源化利用和开辟廉价、高效的重金属吸附剂,利用1%KMnO4溶液对白果壳进行化学改性,制备成KMnO4改性白果壳(命名为WSK),用于水溶液中Cd2+的吸附,研究温度、pH、反应时间、初始Cd2+浓度4个因素对WSK吸附Cd2+的影响,并通过模型拟合、电镜扫描(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)分析,对吸附机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,WSK是一种理想的Cd2+吸附剂,其吸附性能受温度、pH、反应时间、Cd2+初始浓度的影响。吸附量与体系温度呈正相关,温度越高吸附量越大;随pH的增加吸附量先升高后降低,pH为5.5时,吸附效果最佳;在60 min后基本达到吸附平衡;随着Cd2+初始浓度的升高,WSK对水中Cd2+的吸附量逐渐增加,当Cd2+浓度为300 mg·L-1时,去除率为94.49%,基本达到吸附饱和。WSK对水中Cd2+的吸附符合Freundlich模型,决定系数R2为0.94,最大吸附量为119.76mg·g-1;吸附过程符合二级动力学吸附模型,R2为0.999 5。SEM照片显示WSK表面呈多孔结构,增加了WSK的比表面积、孔容及表面吸附位点,这有助于提高其吸附性能。红外光谱图分析表明,WSK主要靠-OH、-COO-、-NH-、C=O、-P=O、-CH-等离子活性官能基团与Cd2+配位结合,其中-COO-起重要作用。