额济纳旗浅层地下水环境研究

通过 2 0 0 3年 4- 5月在黑河下游额济纳分两条路线 (a -a’和b -b’)采集水样 ,分析了额济纳现状水资源特征。远离河道区域水化学类型有HCO3·SO4-Na、Cl·SO4-Na·Ca、HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca和SO4·Cl-Na ;在河道附近或河道地区水化学类型主要是SO4·HCO3-Na ,类型单一 ;研究区矿化度和各离子含量随距离补给源的远近增减而升降 ,表明它们主要依赖于上游补给水量 ;同时 ,额济纳地处干旱区 ,降雨稀少 ,该区植被的生长发育主要依靠浅层地下水 ,地下水环境的改变直接导致了区域生态的变化。     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

Stability Contrast of Landslide Disaster After Repeating Control

Xiang-jiapo landslide,which consists of shallow layer,middle layer and deep layer,is a multi-landslide with several layers.Influenced by geological condition and rainfall,it have not obtained good effect even after three-time control.Because the distortion of landslide increase so fast, the government planed to control the landslide for the forth time.Based on monitoring data of the landslide movement,the paper make a constrast analysis of 3D numerical simulation's calculating between the formal control and the forth time control by a non-linear finite elements programm ABAQUS.Both results of numerical simulation and monitoring indicate that the forth time control have achieved good effect.     

复合材料模型分析加筋地基承载力

利用复合材料模型模拟加筋地基，按照土塑性力学分析加筋地基的变形和破坏，并按传统滑移线解法推导出浅基础加筋地基的承载力设计公式，利用实例比较探讨了本文方法与传统极限分析法的优缺点。     

特种优质水稻灌溉技术的试验研究

为了达到节水、改土和增产的目的,通过研究灌溉方式对耗水量、灌溉定额、灌水次数和特种优质水稻生长发育及其产量的影响,水文年型和品种对耗水量的影响,优选出了特种优质水稻最适宜的田间水分控制模式。     

FAHP-GIS在FAST台址单体滑坡危险性评价中的应用

[目的]研究贵州省平塘县500 m口径球面射电望远镜(FAST)工程台址光明顶滑坡的危险性及其区划,为该区及相似地区的滑坡灾害监测与防治提供参考依据。[方法]选取地形地貌、岩性岩组、地质构造、人类工程活动及灾害历史等作为一级评价指标,在此基础上发展二级评价指标,运用GIS技术构建基于模糊层次法(FAHP)的滑坡危险性评价指标体系,并完全参与对指标隶属度矩阵的运算,开展针对喀斯特单体滑坡危险性评价研究。[结果]光明顶坡体总体居于中危险和低危险水平,局部高危险,高危险区域主要位于1 H馈源塔和断层破碎带区域的3个支撑柱附近,高危险区约占研究区面积的4%。[结论]光明顶坡体存在安全隐患,已经对精密的射电望远镜设施的安全运行构成威胁。本文评价结果与实际情况基本相符,评价方法在单体滑坡危险性评价研究方面具有创新性,且可操作。     

地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地覆膜咸水滴灌水盐动态试验研究

通过在高垄埋设水银负压计,研究土壤水势动态,并在枸杞不同生育期对潜水位以上各土层盐分进行取样分析,研究土壤盐分周年动态变化,为地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地改良利用提供理论依据。结果表明,在覆膜滴灌一个灌溉周期内,土壤水分运动始终为自滴头下方饱和区持续径向向外扩散;雨季降雨使水分从土壤剖面整体向下运动,随着潜水位的升高水分运动逐渐减弱,转为自垄中部向垄坡方向运动。盐分运动受水分运动影响明显,周年盐分动态可以分为春季强烈蒸发—积盐阶段、灌溉淋洗—稳定阶段、雨季淋溶—脱盐阶段、秋季蒸发—积盐阶段和冬季相对稳定阶段五个阶段。剖面土壤电导率(EC1∶5)均值从1.64 dS m-1增长至1.69 dS m-1,土壤未明显积盐,但盐分在剖面分布的周年变化表明滴灌灌溉调控了水分盐分在土壤中的分布,为作物根系生长提供了良好的土壤环境条件。因此,地下水浅埋区重度盐碱地可以通过高垄覆膜咸水滴灌技术加以利用。     

淤地坝控制黄土高原坡沟系统重力侵蚀的空间特征

基于有限元技术,建立了关地沟4号坝上游典型坡沟系统的概化模型,结果发现随淤地坝坝地的淤高,坡沟系统的稳定性和滑塌量分别增强和减少,其随坝地淤高的变化分别满足二项式和直线规律;通过软件模拟计算,结果发现在坡沟系统重力侵蚀中,随着淤地坝的淤高,峁坡和沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量之比基本为1:50;峁坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的2%,而沟坡滑塌物的体积和重量占总滑塌物的体积和重量的98%,沟坡重力侵蚀是沟道泥沙的主要来源。该研究结果可为小流域沟道重力侵蚀的预报和侵蚀量的评估提供重要参数和科学依据。     

长江上游水土流失重点防治区滑坡泥石流预警系统减灾成效评价

自1991年长江上游水土流失重点防治区滑坡、泥石流预警系统建立以来,取得了巨大的预警成效。介绍了预警系统的建设历程及运行模式,主要从减灾的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益方面对滑坡泥石流预警系统的减灾成效作了评价。对于减灾的经济效益,主要通过投资的保护比(投资的土地保护比、投资的居民生命保护比和投资的固定资产保护比)和投资的减损比(投资的经济减损比和投资的人员伤亡减损比)来进行评价。预警系统投资保护比中,投资的土地保护比达15.11km2/万元,投资的居民生命安全保护比达40人/万元,投资的固定资产保护比为40.0～93.3;预警系统投资减损比中,投资的经济减损比为3.63,投资的人员伤亡减损比达5.69人/万元。相关评价数据和事例表明,该预警系统所取得的成效是十分显著的,应进一步加快预警的建设和发展。     

三峡库区某滑坡变形影响因素分析

根据三峡库区某滑坡5年左右的GPS位移监测以及降雨量、库水位监测数据,选取降雨和库水位两个因素研究了其对滑坡变形的影响。结果表明:降雨的入渗增加了滑体重量、软化了岩土体、润滑了滑带与滑床的接触面,会降低滑坡的稳定性;库水位的上升一般对岩土堆积层滑坡的稳定性无明显不利影响,而其下降却使滑坡变形加速;两者对滑坡变形的影响均表现出一定的"滞后效应",滞后期一般为5~10 d。