An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

研究森林变化对河川水沙影响的一种便捷方法──以四川省都江堰市白沙河为例

依据航片判读、森林资源调查资料和水文数据，利用流域自身对比法，得出森林变化对河川径流泥沙的定量关系。文中还阐明本方法的技术关键——消除降雨量不同对水沙的影响．该方法具有适合我国国情、费小效宏、精度较高、简捷易行等优点，值得推广提倡。     

油罐阻油切水阀启动过程的研究

本文对油罐本安型阻油切水阀研制过程中的几个技术关键之一￣二次启动进行了较详细的力学分析，研究了阻油切水阀的启动过程，分析了启动过程中液体在静止和流动两种情况下对浮球工作的影响，提出了启动机构方案。     

黑土坡耕地土壤流失形态分析——以一次降雨为例

以东北黑土区典型漫岗坡耕地为研究对象,测定次降雨条件下整个集水盆地出口处的径流体积及其含沙量,研究侵蚀泥沙的粒径分布特征、碳氮富集度以及可溶性养分的流失状况。结果表明,研究区只有在强降雨的情况下才会在集水盆地尺度上发生水土流失现象。20.5 mm降雨条件下(2006年8月1日)径流泥沙含量为1.0～2.5 g/L,泥沙C、N富集系数分别为2.10和3.31。径流液中DOC的浓度介于2.47～3.93 mg/L之间,TN浓度介于1.61～3.28 mg/L之间,径流携带养分量在整个养分流失过程中是不可忽视的流失途径。侵蚀泥沙(未加分散剂)的团聚体组成和原土壤有很大差异,径流泥沙的流失主要是粒径为0.053 mm以下的团聚体,尤其是0.002～0.02 mm的粉粒团聚体为主。     

低压下加肥对迷宫滴头流量及灌水均匀度的影响

针对滴灌中侧翼迷宫式滴灌带的流量、灌水均匀度、肥料堵塞等问题,对4种不同规格的侧翼迷宫滴灌带进行试验,测定在清水和加肥灌水时滴头的流量及灌水均匀度。结果表明:加肥灌水时滴头流量比清水时减少,灌水均匀系数也较清水减小,4种不同结构滴头的灌水均匀度系数减小了5%~9.9%;随着灌水间隔增长,灌水次数增加,由于溶解在水中化学肥料结晶析出造成的堵塞程度逐渐增加;迷宫流道结构不同滴头的化学堵塞程度也不同。     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.     

渭河下游水量变化的防洪响应

在对渭河下游的来水来沙量进行分析的基础上,结合水槽试验结果和实测资料,从机理上探讨渭河下游呈现出洪水历时延长、滩地高程不降、水位处于逐渐升高的态势、边界条件劣势发展的不利防洪响应,认为其主要原因是产生贴边淤积的环境良好.据此,针对该环境所引起的防洪形势严峻问题,提出了治理对策.     

红萝卜侧面悬置排种勺式精量排种器设计与试验

为解决传统机械式蔬菜排种器无法实现精量播种及存在伤种的问题,设计了一种红萝卜侧面悬置排种勺式精量排种器。采用排种盘侧面悬置的排种勺完成种子的充种、清种、投种,实现了非接触式作业过程,理论分析了种子进入及脱离种勺的运动过程,并阐明其不伤种的基本原理,确定了排种盘、排种勺以及排种管的基本结构参数,采用EDEM离散元仿真软件模拟了不同排种勺结构尺寸下的工作过程,以排种勺型孔直径、深度及放样曲面圆角比为试验因素,以单粒率、多粒率、空粒率为试验指标,采用三因素五水平二次通用旋转组合设计进行仿真试验,确定排种勺最优结构参数为：型孔直径5mm,深度4.3mm,放样曲面圆角比0.12,基于此参数进行离散元仿真试验,通过自制排种器试验台进行台架试验以及将排种器安装到播种机上进行田间试验,仿真试验结果为单粒率93%、多粒率4%、空粒率3%,台架试验结果为合格指数平均值92.2%、重播指数平均值4.6%、漏播指数平均值3.2%,相对误差分别为0.86%、15%、6.67%,田间试验结果为：合格指数90.5%、重播指数6.9%、漏播指数2.6%,证明此排种器精量播种性能良好。同时与毛刷窝眼轮式排种器进行损伤率对比试验,损伤率分别为0.43%、1.27%,相对误差为66.14%,表明种子损伤明显降低。     

荒漠草原产流产沙过程及养分运移特征

[目的] 荒漠草原夏季降雨强度大且集中性强,水力侵蚀危害严重,明确荒漠草原区产流产沙过程及养分运移规律对该地区开展水土保持工作有重要意义。[方法] 试验基于天然降雨观测和人工模拟降雨的方法,研究荒漠草原区产流产沙过程及养分运移规律,并通过对植被进行不同处理研究植被对产流产沙的影响。[结果] (1)不同植被处理方式的水土保持效果不同。3种不同处理方式中天然草地的水土保持效果最好,减流率与减沙率分别为11.37%和49.67%。(2)产流产沙过程改变地表土壤物质组成,使地表土壤粗粒化,还对土壤养分产生影响。降雨后砂粒含量增加5.97%~15.71%,土壤速效N、P及有机质分别减少40.84%,27.08%,33.49%。(3)坡面产流产沙量随坡度和降雨强度的增加而增加,幂函数能较好地拟合降雨历时与产流量和产沙量的关系。随降雨强度增加,坡度为5°~25°的峰值产流量平均增加6.70 L;降雨强度0.6~2.0 mm/L时,产沙量增长速度加快的拐点出现在坡度15°~20°。[结论] 研究结果可为荒漠草原区水土流失的综合防治提供理论参考,有助于改善荒漠草原区生态环境,有利于该地区开展水土保持工作。     

鄱阳湖采砂南移扩大影响范围——多源遥感的证据

采砂是一项具有巨大生态影响的经济活动。利用多源遥感影像描述鄱阳湖中部的采砂分布,分析其对悬浮泥沙浓度的影响。2011年7月28日的Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5用于采砂相关船只的识别,2009-2011年7-8月的Terra卫星中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)影像用于悬浮泥沙浓度的反演,(Before-after-control-impact,BACI)方法用于采砂影响评价。Landsat TM 5影像解译结果发现鄱阳湖中部的两个采砂区和90余艘船只,MODIS Terra反演结果显示在采砂区及其下游区域悬浮泥沙浓度剧增,BACI评价结果揭示采砂是导致此区域悬浮泥沙浓度增加的主要因素。平衡经济发展与生态保护之间的关系,将因采砂而造成的负面影响降到最低,使鄱阳湖的各种生态功能全面发挥是紧要的。