长三角地区西红花高产关键技术研究

通过探索长三角地区西红花栽培的高产关键技术,更好地指导生产.试验研究了不同种球处理方式、不同肥料配比及栽种时间、种植密度和球茎大小等因素对西红花生产和球茎产量的影响.试验结果表明,最适种球处理方式为整球茎保留膜质鳞片并去除多余侧芽;肥料施用以N450 kg·hm-2,P2O5 225 kg·hm-2和K2O 225 kg·hm-2为宜;栽植选用大球茎,最适种植密度为10 cm×10 cm,最佳栽种时间为11月下旬至12月初,采用精细管理,可获得较高的球茎产量.     

Determination of the potential evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for saffron using a water-balance lysimeter

Agriculture is the major consumer of water and it is possible to decrease water consumption in this sector by proper irrigation scheduling. Irrigation scheduling is based on crop water requirements. Saffron is an important crop in Iran. The main purpose of this study was to determine the potential evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for saffron using single and dual crop coefficients, in Badjgah region, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Three water-balance lysimeters were used for this experiment in a two-year study. Total saffron potential evapotranspiration values were 523 and 640 mm in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. The maximum evapotranspiration rates for saffron were 4.5 and 6.1 mm d^?1 in the first and second growing seasons, respectively. Based on the results of this study, different saffron growing stages for evapotranspiration were 30, 40, 70 and 60 days. Crop coefficient (K _c) values for the initial, mid- and late-season growth stages were 0.41–0.45, 0.93–1.05 and 0.29–0.31 in both years, respectively. Basal crop coefficient (K _cb) values for the initial, mid- and late-season growth stages were 0.15–0.16, 0.41–0.65 and 0.15–0.17 in both years, respectively.     

崇明西红花根际土壤和球茎微生物多样性分析

为研究崇明西红花栽培地根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其微生物群落组成进行了比对分析。结果表明,西红花根际土壤和球茎中细菌和真菌在门类水平上菌群类别差异不显著,但在丰富度和多样性方面根际土壤明显高于球茎;在属和种水平上差异显著;在种水平上,根际土壤或球茎均有各自特有的细菌或真菌,且具有较高的相对丰度。西红花致病真菌瓶霉(Phialophora)和背芽突霉(Cadophora)在崇明西红花球茎大量存在。因此,推测西红花病害发生,除与土壤菌群相关外,与其内生细菌和真菌也紧密相关。本研究结果初步分析了崇明栽培地西红花根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性及群落结构组成,为进一步筛选合适的崇明西红花栽培地土壤和种球杀菌剂提供了理论依据。     

Sustainable Saffron Production as Influenced by Integrated Nitrogen Management in Typic Hapludalfs of NW Himalayas

The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha^?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha^?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ^?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha^?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha^?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha^?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha^?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha^?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha^?1 and FYM at 60 t ha^?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.     

Effects of salmon prolactin and growth hormone on plasma osmolality, Na+ concentration and protein content in the saffron cod

In saffron cod, Eleginus gracilis, the antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) is present during the winter. The effects of salmon prolactin (sPRL) and growth hormone (sGH) on plasma osmolality, sodium concentration and protein content of the saffron cod were investigated. In the winter, plasma osmolality and protein content decreased following the intraperitoneal injection of sPRL (20 µg kg^-1 day^-1 × 3) but injection of the same dose of sGH had no effect on either plasma osmolality or protein content. In similar experiments performed during the summer, sPRL and sGH had no effect on these parameters. The results suggest that PRL may act on the kidney, possibly clearing antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) by increasing glomerular filtration. The possible role of PRL and GH in the disappearance of AFGP during the summer are discussed.     

Clonal selection of saffron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crocus sativus</Emphasis> L.): the first optimistic experimental results

We report here the results of a unique, large-scale research project that focused on the problem of clonal selection of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Samples of saffron populations from the five most ancient cultivation regions in Iran were obtained for the study, with ≥20,000 corms comprising the sampled populations from each region. The corms were divided onto weight groups (for example, 3.0–3.9, 4.0–4.9 g, up to the largest) and then planted in rows separately in the field with one corm per hole (pit). This strict separation of the corms and the strict planting procedure was maintained for four growing seasons, enabling a comparison of the pits with grown plants and a study of the differences between clones. A comparison of many hundreds and thousands of clones, each grown from one corm of the same weight, resulted in the identification of “superior” clones in terms of exceptionally large numbers of flowers and large (≥10 g) corms. Based on the number of flowers and number of large corms, which are the two most economically important attributes of saffron, the clones were classified as extraordinary, superior, ordinary, inferior and declining clones. The first two classifications of clones, which had the highest numbers of flowers and largest corms, have been chosen for use in a saffron breeding program aimed at developing new high-yielding cultivars of saffron. Those clones would also be very suitable for facilitating the mechanization of saffron agriculture in terms of the lifting, sorting and planting of corms, weeding, softening ground and harvesting flowers.     

藏红花球茎腐烂病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

球茎腐烂病是严重影响藏红花球茎品质和柱头产量的病害。为鉴定引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS和TEF-1α序列分析,对青海省藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌进行了鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了10种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑菌作用。结果发现,引起藏红花球茎腐烂病的病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum和木贼镰刀菌F. equiseti,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌。室内药剂试验表明70%甲基硫菌灵WP、 50%咯菌腈WP、 50%苯醚甲环唑SC和25%硅唑·咪鲜胺EW对两种镰刀菌均具有较好的抑制作用,EC50在0.574 0~1.808 6 mg/L之间,64%噁霜·锰锌WP、 30%噁霉灵AS和45%石硫合剂WP对2种镰刀菌的抑菌作用较差,EC50在2.134 4~7.915 3 mg/L之间。试验结果为生产上合理选用杀菌剂防治藏红花球茎腐烂病提供了科学依据。     

钾对番红花球茎膨大的促进效应

采用4种钾浓度营养液培养番红花(Crocus.sativas.L.)的结果表明,随着施钾水平的提高,叶片中的钾含量、叶绿素含量、ATP相对含量及叶片净光合速率也相应提高,使叶片作为代谢源的能力加强;同时,随着施钾水平提高,新球茎富集钾的能力、可溶性糖的含量、Vc含量和蛋白质含量也增加,使新球茎作为代谢库的功能也增强。本文还探讨了钾元素通过加强源和库的功能来提高番红花球茎膨大速率的机理,为番红花的进一步研究与利用提供了依据。     

西红花栽培、繁育和采后管理研究进展

为提升国内西红花产量和品质,本研究总结了国内外西红花母球茎大小与留芽数目、栽培模式、栽培密度和深度、施肥方式和类型、病害防治、花期调控、组培快繁和脱毒、遗传育种、花丝加工和储藏等相关研究,概述了西红花栽培、繁育和采后管理研究进展。指出国内目前缺乏西红花球茎等级划分标准以及高产优质生产技术规范,应从田间栽培、花期调控、品种选育3个方面解决西红花生产和育种中的瓶颈问题,规范西红花生产技术,确保西红花药材品质质量,推动西红花产业发展。