A releaser pheromone that attracts methyltestosterone- treated immature fish in the urine of ovulated female rainbow trout

SUMMARY: Behavioral experiments concerning a releaser pheromone in the urine of female rainbow trout were performed using immature fish administered orally with 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) during the non-spawning season. The urine was collected by catheter. The frequency of entries of test fish was recorded in each channel scented by test and control solutions in a Y-maze trough. The behavior of both MT-treated and control fish demonstrated that they could not discriminate the differences between distilled and environmental water as control solutions. There was also no difference between MT-treated and control fish when distilled and environmental water were introduced. The MT-treated immature fish were attracted to the channel scented by ovulated female urine. Neither coelomic fluid nor the immature female urine had any effect on the behavioral responses of MT-treated fish, while immature control fish had no preference for the urine of ovulated females. These results suggest in rainbow trout that ovulated female urine contains a releaser pheromone to attract mature males, and that androgens are involved in the sensory mechanisms detecting the releaser pheromone in fish.     

柞蚕肠液理化性质与饲料效率的相关性研究

对柞蚕肠液的理化性质与饲料效率的相关性进行研究的结果表明 :柞蚕肠液对促进蚕体抗病与消化吸收功能有着重要作用 ,平均每头蚕有肠液 1 76mL ,品种间开差为 0 78mL ,相对开差 5 7 80 % ,肠液量越多 ,饲料效率越高 ;柞蚕不同品种肠液pH平均值未发现明显差异 ,但强健好养饲料效率高的品种个体间开差小 ;柞蚕肠液缓冲力除与品种强健性有关外 ,还与品种的饲料效率呈正相关 ,在强健丰产与高饲料效率品种中 ,肠液恢复pH原值所需时间越短 ,饲料效率越高 ,电刺法取出肠液后 ,肠液恢复缓冲力所需时间是恢复其pH原值时间的 1 8倍多 ,同恢复肠液pH原值所需时间长短与品种强健性和饲料效率的关系完全一致。     

Feeding fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with either barley straw or pasture silage to non-lactating dairy cows

AIMS: To determine the suitability of diets containing either approximately 85% fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) with barley straw or 65% fodder beet with pasture silage when fed to non-lactating dairy cows, by measuring intakes, digestibility, rumen function including microbial growth, and N excretion.

METHODS: Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with permanent rumen fistulae were fed either 65% fodder beet with pasture silage (Silage; n=8) or 85% fodder beet with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw (Straw; n=8) in an indoor facility over a 9-day period, for measurement of intakes, digestibility, rumen function and urine production. The cows were adapted to the diets over 2 weeks before the indoor measurements. Feed was available for about 6 hours/day, as practiced commercially for wintering non-lactating cows.

RESULTS: Five cows fed the Straw diet had to be removed from the trial because of acute acidosis; four on Day 1 of the measurement period and one on Day 7. One cow allocated to the Silage diet refused to eat fodder beet bulbs and was also removed from the trial. Two cows fed the Silage diet were also treated for acidosis. DM intakes were lower with the Straw than Silage diets (6.4 (SE 0.4) vs. 8.3 (SE 0.5) kg/day) and organic matter (OM) digestibility was lower with the Straw than Silage diets (77 (SE 1) vs. 83 (SE 1) g/100g). The N content of the two diets was 1.14 and 1.75?g/100?g DM and there was a net loss of N by cows fed the Straw diet (?22.7 (SE 7) g/day). Rumen microbial N production was much lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (6.6 (SE 1.3) vs. 15.8 (SE 0.7) g microbial N/kg digestible OM intake). Concentrations of ammonia in rumen liquid collected on Days 5–6 were below detection limits (<0.1?mmol/L) in 36/48 (75%) samples collected from cows fed the Straw diet and in 27/48 (56%) cows fed the Silage diet. Mean urinary N excretion was lower in cows fed the Straw than the Silage diet (52.0 (SE 5.8) vs. 87.7 (SE 5.9) g/day).

CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVENCE: An over-wintering diet for dry cows comprising about 65% fodder beet with 35% pasture silage provided adequate nutrition, although there was some risk of acidosis. In contrast, the diet containing about 85% fodder beet with barley straw resulted in lower DM intakes, poor rumen function, negative N balance so that both nutrition and welfare were compromised.     

海洋养殖柔性网衣结构水动力特性研究进展

发展深水网箱养殖是保障我国粮食及食品安全的长远战略,也是缓解近海网箱养殖环境胁迫力、拓展食物生产空间的必然选择。发展深水网箱养殖首先需要面对的突出挑战是养殖设施在外海恶劣海况下的安全性问题。网衣是深水网箱的主体结构,由于其自身具有高柔性、小尺度的特点,在波浪和水流作用下易出现大位移和大变形的极端响应。当前,网衣结构分析技术已成为我国深水网箱养殖工程技术的薄弱环节,一定程度上制约当前海上养殖网箱向大型化和深水化发展。因此,网衣水动力特性研究对于深远海网箱养殖的发展具有重要意义。本研究系统介绍了计算网衣水动力荷载的主要方法及其适用范围。同时,对网衣动态响应数值计算中的主流建模技术进行了总结和分析。最后,根据目前网衣水动力特性研究中存在的热点问题,提出了网衣流固耦合分析、生物污损分析、数字孪生技术等前沿发展方向,为网衣水动力学分析向数字化、精准化发展提供参考。     

稻草补饲苜蓿对山羊瘤胃发酵的组合效应

将9只体况良好、体质量相近(41.3±1.2) kg、安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成都麻羊半同胞羯羊, 随机分成3组, 饲以稻草基础日粮, 分别补饲苜蓿(Medicago sativa, MSL)25%(MSL25)、50%(MSL50)与75%(MSL75), 进行瘤胃内环境的测定及发酵指标的组合效应研究。结果显示, 3组不同苜蓿补饲水平混合粗饲料的瘤胃液相pH在6.53～6.93, NH3-N浓度在9.42～43.27 mg·dL-1, 总挥发性脂肪酸浓度在69.45～107.28 mmol·L-1, 菌体蛋白浓度在73.56～132.23 mg·dL-1, NH3-N浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与菌体蛋白浓度均随苜蓿补饲水平的增加呈非线性增加。以MSL25作参照的瘤胃发酵指标的多项指标组合效应指数(MFAEI), MSL75的为1.21, 仅为MSL50组1.03的1.17倍。表明当山羊稻草基础日粮苜蓿补饲水平超过50%时, 提高稻草纤维物质利用率的组合效应增加不明显。     

换热器节能技术综述

混合板式换热器作为余热利用系统中高效节能设备,其换热性能对系统效率及稳定性有重要影响。该研究基于RNG k-ɛ湍流模型,对M型和H型板式换热器流道内流动及传热过程展开数值模拟,研究板片结构对板间触点分布的影响,及雷诺数Re和板片组合对横向流道内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明：M型板间触点呈“方格”, H型呈“菱形”,且H型流流体速度较大、温度场分布较均匀。随Re数增大,压降△P及平均努塞尔数$ \\overline {Nu} $均增大;Re数较低时,H型的$ \\overline {Nu} $明显提高,且△P增幅较小;而高Re数（Re=6 000）时,与M型相比,H型的$ \\overline {Nu} $增幅仅为△P的25%左右。随波纹间距s减小,触点数明显增多,△P和$ \\overline {Nu} $均增大;s为12～16 mm较合适。研究结果为混合板式换热器的设计及优化提供理论依据。

     

女贞子提取物对绵羊瘤胃日粮养分48 h降解率的影响

选用安装瘤胃瘘管的绵羊4只,分别饲喂含0、100、300和500mg.kg-1女贞子提取物的饲粮,通过4×4拉丁方实验设计,系统研究了饲喂女贞子提取物对DM、CP、ADF和NDF降解率的影响。结果表明,培养48h后,饲喂女贞子提取物提高了NDF、ADF降解率(P>0.05);对DM、CP降解率未产生影响。     

不同纤维水平日粮对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响

试验选用体况良好、体重50kg左右的苏尼特绵羊9只,随机分为3组,每组3只,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组日粮NDF含量分别为64.38%、54.59%、42.71%。研究日粮纤维水平的变化对绵羊瘤胃内环境的影响,试验结果表明:随纤维水平的增加瘤胃pH显著增加(p(0.01);氨氮、和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度与之相反,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(p(0.01);乙酸摩尔浓度百分比随纤维水平降低而显著降低(p(0.05),丙酸和丁酸摩尔浓度显著升高(p(0.05);高纤维日粮组的乙酸:丙酸比例显著高于其它两日粮组(p(0.01),日粮纤维水平的变化,改变了瘤胃发酵的模式。     

热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响

【目的】研究热应激对奶山羊生产性能及瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构的影响,为动物在炎热环境中能够维持正常生理机能以及探索促进动物抗热应激的方法提供理论基础和试验依据。【方法】本项目以泌乳中后期奶山羊为动物模型,采用逐渐加热的方式使奶山羊产生热应激,用温湿指数计算当连续1周早、中、晚THI＞72时,动物模型建立;采用动物营养学方法,研究热应激对瘤胃内发酵指标、营养物质消化率、生产性能、瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构和超微结构的影响。【结果】①试验期间试验羊THI主要在72和87之间,处于轻度和高度热应激;②热应激极显著地提高了奶山羊直肠温度和呼吸频率（P＜0.01）,显著地降低了DM、CP、OM、NDF和ADF消化率（P＜0.01）,干物质采食量和奶产量（P＜0.01）,以及乳中乳蛋白和乳脂含量（P＜0.05）,但对乳糖含量影响不显著（P＞0.05）;③热应激显著降低了一天中各时间点的pH（P＜0.05）、NH3-N浓度（P＜0.05）、TVFA浓度（P＜0.05）;④与对照组相比,在热应激30 d时,发现瘤胃液呈稀粥状,酸臭味较浓,且奶山羊瘤胃黏膜乳头呈现大面积的坏死、脱落;当在热应激45 d时,黏膜乳头坏死、脱落情况更为严重;⑤在热应激30和45 d时,瘤胃背囊和腹囊绒毛长度和宽度分别要短于对照组（P ＜0.05）,且随着热应激时间的延长,瘤胃背囊和腹囊的绒毛长度和宽度缩短的也越短（P＜0.05）。【结论】①热应激通过显著提高奶山羊的直肠温度和呼吸频率,显著降低日粮各营养物质消化率、瘤胃液发酵参数等,进而显著降低日粮干物质采食量、乳品质及其生产性能;②热应激通过破坏瘤胃上皮组织结构,致使瘤胃黏膜绒毛大面积萎缩、脱落、甚至坏死,进而导致瘤胃黏膜屏障通透性增加。     

日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响

文章旨在探讨日粮添加不同油脂原料对肉牛生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响.试验选择平均初始体重(296±32.33)kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的肉牛48头,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头.对照组肉牛饲喂不含油脂的日粮,处理组肉牛分别饲喂含有5％棕榈油、亚麻油和包被脂肪的日粮.在为期10周的饲养试验后测定相关指标....