Ranking cows’ methane emissions under commercial conditions with sniffers versus respiration chambers

This study assessed the ranking of dairy cows using individual-level correlations for methane (CH₄) emission on-farm using sniffers and in respiration chambers. In total 20 lactating dairy cows, ten Holstein and ten Jerseys were recorded using sniffers installed in milking robots for three weeks of lactation and subsequently in respiration chambers (RC) where they were each recorded on three occasions within the RC. Bivariate linear mixed models were used to determine the individual-level correlations (r_I) between sniffer and RC phenotypes as proxies for genetic correlations. Despite differences in feeding and management, the predicted CH₄ production from sniffers correlated highly with RC CH₄ production r_I?=?0.77?±?0.18 and CH₄ breath concentration correlated nearly as well with RC CH₄ production r_I?=?0.75?±?0.20. These correlations between sniffers on-farm and RC demonstrate the potential of sniffers measurements as large-scale indicator traits for CH₄ emissions in dairy cattle.     

Short‐term releases of CO2 from newly mixed biochar and calcareous soil

The work aimed to quantify native organic C mobilized in one calcareous soil in the 21 days after addition of biochar at a range of large to very large applications. The experiment was carried out in unplanted microcosms, and CO₂ flux was used as a measure of net mineralization. A rapid methodological approach, which does not require ¹³C as a tracer, was used to assess any priming effects induced by the biochar. The amount of CO₂‐C mobilized was small relative to the amount of biochar C and proportional to the amount of the biochar added. The additional CO₂‐C was similar to the content of the water‐soluble organic carbon in the biochar added with each application. No interaction with native soil C, that is priming effect, was observed.     

低温胁迫对蓝莓枝条呼吸作用及生理生化指标的影响

为明确蓝莓枝条不同部位的耐低温能力,利用人工模拟低温胁迫的方法研究了蓝莓1年生枝条尖端、1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条对低温胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:低温胁迫下蓝莓不同部位枝条的各生理指标之间虽然具有一定的相关性,但不同生理指标的相关系数差异较大,即蓝莓枝条不同生理过程对低温的敏感性明显不同。其中,0℃时1年生枝条特别是其尖端的呼吸速率明显高于2年生枝条,但其呼吸作用对低温也特别敏感,当温度降低到-10℃时即均发生明显的降低,且1年生枝条尖端的降低幅度最大。另外,低温胁迫下1年生枝条尖端的丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率增加幅度也明显大于1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条,即1年生枝条尖端对低温胁迫更为敏感。低温胁迫下不同部位枝条虽可以通过增加可溶性糖(SS)和可溶性蛋白(SP)等渗透调节物质,以及增强SOD和POD等抗氧化酶活性的方式来提高其抗寒能力,但当温度降低到-40℃时,不但抑制了蓝莓1年生枝条尖端可溶性蛋白的合成,并且1年生枝条尖端和基端的SOD活性较-20℃时也有不同程度的降低,即-40℃时1年生枝条特别是其尖端蛋白质合成的抑制以及抗氧化酶活性的降低可能是导致其蓝莓在我国北方大兴安岭地区易发生冻、干梢现象的主要原因。而1年生枝条基端和2年生枝条具有较强抗低温能力的原因除了其本身代谢活性较低,对低温不敏感外,低温下有效积累渗透调节物质和增强抗氧化酶的活性在降低其膜质过氧化程度和电解质外渗方面发挥了重要的作用。     

Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose

Soil aggregate (SA) can be formed and stabilized when soil organic matter (SOM) is decomposed in the soil. However, the relationships between the SA dynamics and SOM with different decomposition rates have not been clarified. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the addition of polysaccharides to soil on SA formation and stability. A Japanese tropical soil was incubated for 99 d at 30 °C in a dark environment following the addition of 0.5% (w/w) starch or cellulose. The decomposition rates of the amendments, and SA formation and stability were evaluated by measuring soil respiration rates, and distribution fractions of soil aggregate sizes and mean weight diameter (MWD) of SA, respectively. The cumulative soil respirations with all treatments rapidly increased until Day 12 of the incubation. The initial slope of the cumulative soil respiration in the soil with starch was significantly higher than that in the soil with cellulose. In either soil with starch or cellulose, the fractions of macro-aggregates (>1000 μm in diameter) significantly increased, respectively, compared with control soil. However, the fractions of meso-aggregates (250–1000 μm) and nano-aggregate (<20 μm) in the soil with starch significantly decreased, while those fractions in the soil with cellulose fluctuated until Day 6. The MWDs reached the maximum on Day 6, indicating the SA formation in the soils with starch or cellulose. The increasing rate of the SA formation in the starch-amended soil was greatly higher than that in the cellulose-amended soil. After Day 6, the MWDs in the soils with either polysaccharide decreased with similar trends with no significant differences between treatments, indicating similar stability of the SA in both treatments. This study showed that the different decomposability of the organic amendments might influence the SA formation differently, but not the SA stability.     

印楝素对中华稻蝗若虫呼吸作用的影响

呼吸测定试验表明，以每头印楝素5.0μg点滴3龄中华稻蝗蝗蝻前胞背板，4hCO2释放量减少，抑制率达到33％。对6龄蝗蝻测定，处理后试虫CO2释出量降低，呼吸受到抑制，而且随着时间的推移，呼吸失去了节律，图线变得近于直线。点滴法与注射法，在前期呼吸影响有所不同，点滴法随着经过的时间，呼吸抑制率提高；而注射法48h呼吸抑制率才提高，到72h达到最高，其图形为U形。     

Quinone Binding Sites of Membrane Proteins as Targets for Inhibitors

Quinones are a central component of most photosynthetic and respiratory electron transfer chains. The proteins that reduce and oxidise these quinones have quinone binding sites—Q sites—that are good targets for pesticides. This paper reviews the diversity of these sites, their possible structure, and the types of compounds that act upon them.     

长期少免耕对中国东北玉米农田土壤呼吸及碳氮变化的影响

在黑土区37年不同耕作模式定位试验田,采用原位法比较常规旋耕灭茬起垄（CT）、旋耕留高茬行间深松-少耕（RT）、免耕（NT）和深翻（PT）4种耕作模式土壤呼吸速率及其与土壤温度和湿度的关系,测定土壤总碳氮、无机氮,微生物碳氮的变化。结果表明,玉米生育期间土壤呼吸呈单峰变化,开花期达最大值,生长季平均呼吸速率依次为RT > NT > CT > PT。4个处理土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率间存在显著指数关系。不同耕作模式0~10 cm土壤温度可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的38.3%~67.9%,温度敏感性系数Q10范围为2.1~5.3;RT和NT处理显著提高0~20 cm土壤碳氮含量;RT处理在0~20 cm土壤中微生物碳含量均高于CT、NT和PT处理。RT处理土壤呼吸对温度响应提高,RT和NT处理显著增加上层土壤总碳氮含量,利于土壤质量提升。     

不同增氧滴灌方式对蔬菜生长生理指标的影响

为了研究不同增氧方式对盆栽小白菜生长生理指标的影响,以小白菜为供试作物,采用盆栽地下滴灌的方式,以普通地下滴灌作为对照(CK),设置循环曝气(MAI)、双氧水(H₂O₂)、纯氧扩散器曝气(OC)及射流振荡器曝气(FO)4个增氧灌溉处理.结果表明,增氧地下滴灌显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,处理MAI,OC和FO较对照处理分别增大了65.87%,66.79%和111.62%.增氧地下滴灌促进了小白菜的根系生长、光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,进而提高了小白菜的物质量积累和产量.与对照相比,处理MAI的地下部鲜质量增大了42.03%,地下部干质量增大了79.85%;处理MAI,H₂O₂,OC和FO的光合速率分别增大了868.62%,794.14%,778.67%和650.19%;处理MAI,H₂O₂和OC的气孔导度较CK增大了157.14%,128.57%和85.71%,蒸腾速率增大了55.61%,32.38%和19.58%;处理MAI和H₂O₂的产量分别增大了56.36%和38.72%.综上,增氧地下滴灌可增强小白菜根区的土壤呼吸作用,改善光合作用、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,提高了产量及水分利用效率.其中,循环曝气处理的改善效果最为显著.     

富里酸对土壤中DnBP的降解及微生物活性的影响

为探究富里酸对有机污染物DnBP的降解和土壤微生物活性的作用,采用土壤培养试验,研究了FA对土壤中DnBP的降解动力学过程及土壤微生物活性的影响规律。结果表明,FA的添加缩短了DnBP的降解半衰期,FA各处理组的半衰期为对照处理的48.1%~67.7%;FA促进了土壤的基础呼吸,40mg g-1处理组促进作用最强,最大CO2释放量为空白对照组的40.87倍;而过氧化氢酶活性则表现出了低浓度FA(10~20mg g-1)促进,高浓度FA(40~160mg g-1)抑制的变化趋势;FA对土壤脱氢酶活性主要表现为促进作用,40~160mg g-1FA对脱氢酶活性促进作用显著。相关分析结果表明FA用量与土壤中DnBP降解率呈正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈极显著负相关,与土壤呼吸强度、脱氢酶活性呈极显著正相关。通径分析结果表明FA用量与土壤中DnBP降解率之间有较强的直接效应,还与土壤呼吸强度、土壤酶之间存在间接效应,从而影响DnBP的降解。     

施氮对关中地区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响及基于植被指数的估算模型

为探寻不同施氮量对农田土壤呼吸（R_S）的影响并快速准确估算R_S,以关中地区冬小麦为研究对象,观测了5种施氮量下冬小麦农田R_S的变化,研究了环境因子（土壤温度、土壤湿度）及作物因素（叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值）对于R_S的影响,建立了适用于关中地区土壤温度与植被指数下的农田土壤呼吸估算模型。设置秸秆还田下的5种施氮量处理,分别为传统施氮量SN200（200 kg·hm^-2）、优化施氮量SN150（150 kg·hm^-2）、60%优化施氮量SN120（120 kg·hm^-2）、50%优化施氮量SN100（100 kg·hm^-2）以及不施氮肥SN0（0 kg·hm^-2）。结果表明：不同施氮量下R_S随生育期推进均表现为先升高再降低的趋势,同时添加氮肥促进了R_S排放。各处理观测期内R_S的均值为：SN200（3.68 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN150（3.40 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN120（3.06 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN100（2.70 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）>SN0（2.21 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）。不同施氮量下冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率在拔节期和抽穗期差异明显,反射率从高到低依次为SN200>SN150>SN120>SN100>SN0,而在灌浆期和成熟期差异不大。土壤温度显著影响了R_S（P<0.01）,土壤湿度与R_S没有显著相关关系（P0.05）。叶面积指数、地上部生物量、SPAD值和植被指数均与R_S呈显著相关关系（P<0.05）。通过多种模型评估,建立基于植被指数和土壤温度的最佳农田土壤呼吸估算模型,显著高于基于土壤温度的单因子模型,模型精度可达到0.6以上（n=120）。