辽宁西部半干旱地区油松纯林改造的研究

喀左县位于辽宁西部地区，现存大面积油松人工纯林，不仅改善地力和水土保持效益差，而且火险性强、虫害蔓延成灾、生长早期衰退。为改善其林分生态条件，提高林木生长量和综合效益，在中三家镇对25年生油松人工纯林进行改造试验。结果表明，选择山杏、刺槐、沙棘等乔、灌木树种，利用林间空地、林缘隙地、侵蚀沟壑和疏林地造林，在大面积油松纯林连片地区进行窄带状或块状砍伐后造林，5年后效益显著，林分相对湿度提高了2．2％，土壤有机质含量提高5．4％，土壤含水量提高9．8％，减轻土壤容重３％,林分虫害明显下降，油松树高、胸径生长量分别提高22．6％、19．8％。     

Nutrient‐Release Rates of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers in Forest Soil

Abstract

Nutrient‐release rates of controlled‐release fertilizer (CRF) with four different labeled release periods were evaluated. Samples (30 g) sealed with nylon mesh were buried at a clearcut forest site (Price soil series) in western Oregon, USA, in February 2000 and excavated every 7 weeks for 14 months to determine residual weight and composition. Cool, dry soil conditions apparently prolonged nutrient release beyond labeled rates; the fertilizer with the shortest release period (3–4 months) released approximately 72% of the fertilizer (by weight), whereas that with the longest release period (8–9 months) released 48%. Release varied among individual nutrients [nitrate (NO₃)>ammonia (NH₃)>potassium (K)>sulfur (S)>magnesium (Mg)>phosphorus (P)]. Minimal changes in micronutrient [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo)] contents were attributed to the formation of insoluble compounds with P. Variable release among individual nutrients demonstrates a limitation toward delivering a full range of nutrients and suggests that further refinement of CRF technology is needed to optimize nutrient availability under realistic field conditions.     

分选加工中稻米垩白自动检测算法

林地利用变化会对森林固碳总量产生一定的影响,林地利用过程碳汇效率可以从投入产出解释不同林地利用类型的固碳效应,以帮助实现林地利用结构最优时碳汇产出水平的最大化。该文基于区域的视角,通过选用数据包络分析方法（data envelopment analysis,DEA）的C2R-I模型,将不同类型的林地利用数量作为投入,将森林固碳总量作为最终产出,结合全面的历史统计资料查证与实地校验,对杭州市域林地利用过程碳汇效率进行了测度与实证研究。研究结果表明：杭州市域林地利用过程碳汇效率发展不平衡,各县市区之间差距较大,并且碳汇效率的空间分布与各县市区经济发展水平之间存在一定的反向关联性。而根据"土地利用、土地利用变化及林业（land use, land-use change and forestry,LULUCF）"指南和"复杂系统数据包络分析（complex system data envelopment analysis,CSDEA）"转化法则,提高不同林地利用类型的单位面积蓄积量,充分考虑本地区的城市化水平与森林自然度状况,将是影响区域林地利用过程碳汇效率优化的3个重要因素。文章最后给出了包含这3个影响因素的投入产出优化计量模型。模型计算结果表明,杭州市域"造林再造林"投入优化可增加蓄积量3 279.68 m3/a,"森林管理"投入优化可增加蓄积量2 9871.23 m3/a,"森林采伐"投入优化可增加蓄积量111 959.19 m3/a,"森林固碳"产出优化可增加固碳总量7.61 Tg/a。文章结论不仅对区域林地利用过程的碳汇效率研究具有理论贡献,而且可以从碳循环调控的角度为区域低碳经济发展的模式选择与发展战略提供参考。     

江西省造林再造林碳汇项目发展潜力的评价指标探讨

文章对江西省清洁发展机制造林再造林碳汇项目发展潜力的评价进行分析研究,通过对土地资源、林木生长率、生物多样性、造林成本、农民收入等有关评价指标的分析,表明江西省实施CDM-AR项目具有明显的优势和巨大的潜力。     

Vegetation succession process induced by reforestation in erosion areas

Reforestation is one of the most important and efficient measures of water and soil conservation. Based on field investigations in the Shangyang Soil Conservation and Reforestation Station in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China, we studied the variation in vegetation development, vegetation succession processes and soil erosion. The regional vegetation consists mainly of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forests (MEBF). The area was deforested and became a denuded hill area with extremely high soil erosion in the 1960s and 1970s. Then, the area was closed in order to allow recovery of the vegetation. Under natural conditions the vegetation development and succession processes were slow during which soil erosion and strong sunshine and evaporation slowed down the development of the vegetation. About 25 years later, the vegetation cover was still merely 35% or so. The dominant vegetation types were heliophilous herbage and shrubs which formed a poorly developed shrub-herbage community and erosion remained high. In contrast, reforestation with selected tree species dramatically speeded up the vegetation succession process. About 12 years after reforestation, vegetation cover of the Acacia auriculiformis plantations in the Shangyang Station was 90% and erosion was under control. After 23 years, understory vegetation, consisting of indigenous species, had developed in the plantations. The planted trees and naturally developing herbage, shrubs, bamboo, local trees and liana formed a complex vegetation community in three layers. It will take 60 years for the vegetation to succeed from bare land to a secondary growth forest under natural conditions. Reforestation may speed up the vegetation succession process. The time may be reduced to 20 years. Reforestation is the most effective measure of vegetation restoration and erosion control in this area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(8): 2558–2565 [译自: 生态学报]     

Predicting Carbon Stocks Following Reforestation of Pastures: A Sampling Scenario‐Based Approach for Testing the Utility of Field‐Measured and Remotely Derived Variables

Reforestation of agricultural lands is an important means of restoring land and sequestering carbon (C). At large scales, the labour and costs of direct measurement of ecosystem responses can be prohibitive, making the development of models valuable. Here, we develop a new sampling scenario‐based modelling approach coupled with Bayesian model averaging to build predictive models for absolute values in mixed‐species woody plantings and differences from their adjacent pasture, for litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios. Modelling scenarios of increasing data availability and effort were tested. These included variables that could be derived without a site visit (e.g. location, climate and management) that were sampled in the adjacent pasture (e.g. soil C and nutrients) or were sampled in the environmental planting (e.g. vegetation, litter properties, soil C and nutrients). The predictive power of models varied considerably among C variables (litter stocks, soil C stocks and soil C:N ratios in tree plantings and their differences to their adjacent pastures) and the model scenarios used. The use of a sampling scenario‐based approach to building predictive models shows promise for monitoring changes in tree plantings, following reforestation. The approach could also be readily adapted to other contexts where sampling effort for predictor variables in models is a major potential limitation to model utilization. This study demonstrates the benefit of exploring scenarios of data availability during modelling and will be especially valuable where the sampling effort differs greatly among variables. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅谈秋季造林

根据多年各季节效果的总结,论述了采用秋季造林的优点、秋季造林的技术要求及秋季造林方法。     

固原市退耕地甘肃鼢鼠发生特点调查分析

本研究从宁夏固原退耕还林区甘肃鼢鼠Myospalax cansus Lyon持续发生的实际出发,以甘肃鼢鼠发生特点为主要研究内容,采用标准地调查法,经分析表明固原市退耕地甘肃鼢鼠发生面积124 667 hm2,其中重度危害5 867 hm2;主要危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Garr、华北落叶松Larix prin- cipis-rupprechtii Mayr、沙棘Hippophae rhamnoides L、山杏Prunus armeniaca Linn、山桃Prunus da- vidiana(Carr．)Franch等常规造林树种,且幼林受害严重;发生状况与退耕地坡向、坡度有密切的关系,其中黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地是鼢鼠发生的重点区域。并对甘肃鼢鼠大规模人工捕打后自然种群的消长规律进行了分析,同时针对固原市的生态条件和林业生产实际,提出了适合宁夏农林业生产实际和鼢鼠生物学、生态学特性的治理方案。     

金沙江干热河谷立地类型的划分及其造林技术措施

通过对金沙江干热河谷实地考察与资料分析,初步划定了各地干热河谷的上限和层域范围。提出了地形是影响金沙江干热河谷水分变化的主要因子,确定以坡向和坡位作为金沙江干热河谷立地类型划分的主要依据,划分的立地类型分别是:坡上灌丛区,分坡上灌丛区阴坡类型、坡上灌丛区阳坡类型;坡下草丛区,分坡下草丛区阴坡类型、坡下草丛区阳坡类型;坡足冲积区;河谷平坝区。据此,针对干热河谷各立地类型的特点提出了相应的造林技术措施。     

Ecological Benefit of Reforestation in a Severely Degraded Red Soil Region

Guifeng, Yiyang County, belongs to a seriously degraded red soil region. In 1991, Pinus elliottii and Lespedaza spp. were the species selected for the establishment of a mixed forest in the area. The results of an investigation of the soil system in a 12-year-old forest indicated the following: (1) Organic matter and total nitrogen of the forest soil to a depth of 40 cm were 88.0 and 36.0% higher, respectively, than those of a control plot; total phosphorus and available phosphorus were 40.9 and 22.3% higher than those of the control; available potassium contents were 8.13% lower than those of the control. (2) Soil aeration and the soil air regime improved. (3) Proteinase, catalase, and urease in the forest soil to a depth of 40 cm were usually higher than those in the control plot and decreased with soil depth. Translated from Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis, 2005, 27(1) (in Chinese)