Metal contamination from open-cast copper and sulphur mining in southeast Ireland

The metal content was determined in soil and vegetation around the eastern zone of the disused sulphur and copper mines at Avoca (southeast Ireland). A 250 m × 250 m grid survey was conducted covering a total area of 4 km². The mining belt was in the centre of the investigated site and was sampled separately. Iron, Zn, Cu and Cd concentrations in soil and plant material were determined, in addition to soil organic matter content and soil pH. Soil samples taken from the spoil showed elevated Cu and Cd concentrations, and low soil pH and organic matter content. At least 50 per cent of the agricultural sites examined around the East Avoca Mine showed elevated soil Cu and Cd concentrations, whereas Zn and Fe soil concentrations were within the range for unpolluted soils. None of the vegetation analysed had elevated Zn, Cd, Fe or Cu concentrations. Overall there was no indication of serious metal contamination in either soils or vegetation surrounding the mine in spite of extensive dust deposition during open-pit mining activity 15–30 years ago. However, a plume of elevated Cu in the soil was identified, which originated from a large spoil heap and had been spread for some 2·0 km by the prevailing wind.     

自然铜的生物转化研究

利用Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270(A.ferrooxidans ATCC23270)对自然铜进行生物转化,考察矿浆浓度,微生物接种量,系统初始pH,浸出时间以及温度对自然铜转化的影响。利用单因素法对A.ferrooxidans转化自然铜进行条件优化。结果表明,自然铜最佳浸出工艺为矿浆浓度0.5%、系统初始pH值1.75、接种量10%、浸出时间15 d以及环境温度35℃,浸出率可达65.32%。初步获得了A.ferrooxidans转化自然铜的条件,为中药的炮制提供新思路。     

黄铁矿和谷氨酸对砷酸盐生菜毒性的调控研究

为探究含铁矿物和有机物添加对生菜砷酸盐毒性的调控作用,采用高分辨扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱表征培养液中外源添加物与砷（As）之间的相互作用,采用高效液相色谱串联电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同处理组生菜中As的存在形态及累积变化状况,并综合考察了营养元素含量、超氧化物酶浓度和丙二醛含量等抗氧化系统和纤维素等指标的变化。结果表明：培养液中的As通过物理吸附或化学作用力结合在黄铁矿表面,添加谷氨酸促进了该过程的发生,从而抑制了As从植物根部向可食部的迁移。当生菜生长至第20~40天,相比黄铁矿单独处理,黄铁矿和谷氨酸组合处理使无机As浓度降低35.9%,总As浓度降低16.9%;与谷氨酸单独处理相比,无机As浓度降低4.0%,总As浓度降低21.8%。在植物叶片中,相比As （Ⅴ）单独处理组,黄铁矿和谷氨酸的添加使叶质量和叶绿素含量分别提高了20.8%~30.8%和17.1%~25.5%,通过增加叶片中超氧化物酶的合成限制活性氧在体内的积累,减少脂质过氧化反应。黄铁矿添加具有促进营养元素吸收的作用,而谷氨酸添加有利于缓解由As胁迫引起的植物氧化应激作用。相比黄铁矿单独处理,黄铁矿和谷氨酸组合处理更有利于植物对镁（Mg）、锰（Mn）、铜（Cu）和铁（Fe）元素的吸收,增强植物对As的抗逆性。同时,与谷氨酸或黄铁矿单独处理相比,二者组合处理提升了植物的品质,分别使维生素C含量提高了42.5%和69.3%,纤维素含量提高了21.2%和374.6%,蛋白质含量提高了71.4%和21.4%。研究表明,黄铁矿和谷氨酸组合处理能有效降低溶液中As的迁移和生菜叶片中As的积累,有利于植物体中活性氧的清除,并可提高植物对营养元素的吸收,促进品质改善。     

人类活动对珠江三角洲酸性硫酸盐土壤发育的影响

In the Pearl River Delta with more than 1000 years of intensive land reclamation history,the development of acid sulphate soils has been generally limited in terms of their acid potential (pyrite content)and spatial extent.This is attributed to the rapid delta progradation,partially resulted from increasing sediment yield caused by deforestation within the catchment and the empolderment in the estuarine embayment.The empolderment practice accompanied by the clearance of mangroves stopped the upward growth of the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic layer on the one hand and limited the vertical accretion of non-pyritic freshwater sediments over the pyritic estuarine sediments on the other.In such a case,the pyritic layer in the area is frequently thin and of shallow occurrence.Under forced leaching-recharge conditions for the paddy rice cultivation ,the leaching of acid sulphate materials prevails over its production and this leads to a net loss in pyrite oxidation products.Land excavation for fishpond farming accelerates pyrite oxidation due to the direct exposure of the pyrtic sediments to air on the pond bunds.Severe acidification can intensity the environmental degradation of estuarine ecosystems.     

磷酸铁盐涂层: 控制黄铁矿氧化的新手段

A novel coating technique was develped for controlling pyrite oxidation .The technique involved leaching pyrite particles with a solution containing low concentrations of phosphate and hydrogen peroxide.During the leaching rpocess,the iron released from pyrite by hydrogen proxide was precipitated by phosphate as a ferric phosphate coating .This coating was shown to be able to effectively prevent pyirte from oxidation and it could be established at the expense of only surface portions of pyrite.The emergence of this technique could provide a unique potential route for abating acid mine draingage and reclaiming sulfide-containing degraded mining land.     

不同亚铁矿物对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的表面吸附特征及机制比较研究

为探明稻田土壤还原条件下不同亚铁矿物对砷的修复潜力,本研究对比研究了磁铁矿、菱铁矿、黄铁矿三种亚铁矿物在不同 pH 条件下（pH 3.00、5.00、7.00）对 As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附特征,并以电位滴定法探究了导致三种亚铁矿物吸持 As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）能力差异的表面电荷性质。等温吸附平衡实验结果表明,Langmuir模型能较好描述三种亚铁矿物对As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附过程。弱酸条件（pH=5.00）下,亚铁矿物对As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附容量依次为：磁铁矿[As（Ⅲ）：23.38 mg·g^-1,As（Ⅴ）：71.33 mg·g^-1] >菱铁矿[As（Ⅲ）：11.63 mg·g^-1,As（Ⅴ）：21.69 mg·g^-1]>黄铁矿[As（Ⅲ）：10.72 mg·g^-1,As（Ⅴ）：7.75 mg·g^-1],在弱酸性（pH=5.00）条件下三种矿物中磁铁矿对As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）吸附容量最高。在中性（pH=7.00）条件下黄铁矿对As（Ⅲ）、菱铁矿对As（Ⅴ）吸附容量相对较高。供试pH条件下磁铁矿、菱铁矿对As（Ⅲ）的吸附强度较高,黄铁矿则对As（Ⅴ）的吸附强度较高。电位滴定实验测得亚铁矿物的电荷零点和总可变电荷量依次为：磁铁矿（pH 9.76;1.025 mol·g^-1）>菱铁矿（pH 7.52;0.240 mol·g^-1）>黄铁矿（pH 4.03;0.084 mol·g^-1）,表面活性位点密度依次为：黄铁矿（90.59 site·nm^-2）>菱铁矿（42.77 site·nm^-2）>磁铁矿（7.94 site·nm^-2）,亚铁矿物对As（Ⅲ）、As（Ⅴ）的吸附容量受溶液pH、总可变电荷量及其电荷零点影响。非专性吸附和专性吸附是磁铁矿和菱铁矿吸附As的主要方式,而黄铁矿则以专性吸附为主。研究表明,不同pH条件下不同亚铁矿物对稻田土壤砷的修复潜力不同,酸性条件下磁铁矿对As（Ⅲ）和As（Ⅴ）有较好修复潜力,中性条件下黄铁矿对As（Ⅲ）、菱铁矿对As（Ⅴ）有较好修复潜力。     

澳洲酸性硫酸盐土壤的特征、问题及管理

Acid sulfate voile (ASS), widely distributed in Australia. This has only been recognised recently when intensive rmearch on ASS has been done in this country. This paper reviews aspects concerning a) the distribution and acid potential, b) controls on acidic status, and c) problems and management of ASS in Australia. It is believed that the Australian experience may be useful for other countries where potential problems from ASS exist but insufficient attention was paid to them.     

Effectiveness of Gypsum and Pyrite for Sulfur Fertilization on Yield and Quality of Indian Mustard under Rainfed Conditions of North India

Field trials were conducted for two consecutive years during the rabi season in sandy loam soils of Jammu (north India) under rainfed conditions to study the effect of gypsum and pyrite for sulfur (S) nutrition on the oil content, S uptake, and yield of Indian mustard. Application of S through gypsum or pyrite either in natural or ground form increased S content, uptake, oil content, and yield of mustard significantly over the control. Among the different treatments, S application at 50 kg S ha^?1 of ground gypsum (GM₂S₂) recorded the significantly highest mean seed yield of 20.30 and 18.01 q ha^?1, which lead to an increase of 30 and 29.8% in the first and second year, respectively, over the control. For the duration of the experiment, it was observed that 25 kg S ha^?1 was the optimum dose, preferably of ground gypsum, for mustard crops under rainfed conditions.     

A Study on Kinetic Property of Acidulation Process of Waste Product of Iron Pyrite

A kinetic property of acidulation process of waste product of iron pyrite is studied, kinetic data of acidulation process are measured.The chemical kinetic equation of the process is established on the result of experiment.The activation energy of the reaction is determined as 51.755 kJ/mol. The result of examination for kinetic model with F test showing : the reliability of reaction kinetic model is more than 99%.     

澳洲东部三种沿海漫滩酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁一硫化物的分布

The distribution of iron monosulifde (quantified as acid volatile sulfur:SAV) was compared with geochemical properties that are known to affect its formation and accumulation in three coastal Holocene acid sulfate soils (ASS) at Tuckean Swamp,Mc Leods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp respectively,These properties included pH,reactive iron(FeR),pore-water sulfate(SO4^2-) and organic carbon(OC).Iron monosulfide was concentrated at the oxic/anoxic boundary,the Tuckean Swamp and McLeods Creek sites are Holocene sediments,whereas the Bungawalbyn Swamp is a Holocene peat.The concentration of SAV averaged 0.2 g kg^-1 in a 0.5m thick soil layer at the Tuckean Swamp,but was an order of magnitude lower in the oxic/anoxic transition layers at McLeods Creek and Bungawalbyn Swamp,The SAV mineral greigite(Fe3S4) was identified in the Tuckean Swamp by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis(SEM-EDX),Very small concentrations of greigite were also observed in the McLeods Creek,based on crystal morphology and elemental composition.The concentration of SAV was a small fraction of the total reduced sulfur,representing at most 3% of the pyrite sulfur,However,the presence of this highly reactive sulfide mineral,distributed within pores where oxygen diffusion is most rapid,has important implications to the potential rate of acid production from these sediments.