CT扫描分析秸秆隔层孔隙特征及其对土壤水入渗的影响

为阐明不同物理形态玉米秸秆建立的隔层对盐碱土壤灌溉水入渗特征的影响机制,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,在距地表40～45 cm处均匀铺设同一隔层厚度(5 cm)段状秸秆(SL)、颗粒状秸秆(SK)与粉末状秸秆(SF),以不埋设秸秆隔层为对照(CK),并利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,定量分析不同形态秸秆隔层内部孔隙度、孔隙大小分布、连通度等孔隙参数及其与灌溉水入渗特征之间的关系。结果表明:与CK处理相比,不同物理形态的玉米秸秆隔层均显著提高了40～45 cm隔层处总孔隙度,其中以SF处理最高,分别较CK、SL与SK处理显著提高了29.25、12.09与12.61个百分点(P 0.05),但SL与SK处理间差异不显著。SF处理在灌溉水入渗各阶段均显著增加了孔隙直径≤1 mm的孔隙度(P 0.05),入渗开始前、结束后分别较SL与SK处理提高了19.18、17.25和9.45、9.41个百分点,从而增大了封闭气体体积,导致灌溉水入渗速率较慢,而SL处理在灌溉水入渗开始前孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SK处理提高了1.04个百分点,但在入渗结束后SK处理孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SL处理显著提高,这种 1 mm大孔隙的变化导致SK处理出现湿润锋通过秸秆隔层耗时长于SL处理,而湿润锋通过隔层后至土柱底部耗时短于SL处理的现象。相关性分析结果表明:湿润锋通过秸秆隔层用时与入渗开始前、结束后隔层处总孔隙度、≤1 mm直径孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与入渗前 1 mm直径孔隙度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而在入渗结束后这种大孔隙的作用减弱,但≤1 mm孔隙度的阻渗作用依旧显著,孔隙连通度对灌溉水入渗速率的影响较总孔隙度小。可见,不同形态玉米秸秆隔层均影响灌溉水入渗过程,CT扫描技术可作为定量研究秸秆隔层内部孔隙结构及其对灌溉水入渗影响机制的手段,该结果可为筛选和建立盐碱土壤最佳灌溉淋盐效果的物理形态秸秆隔层提供参考。     

The porosphere as an ecological medium emphasized in Professor Ghilarov's work on soil animal adaptations

Summary The author recalls that the late Professor Mercury S. Ghilarov, from the Institute of Animal Morphology and Ecology in Moscow, was a great pioneer in soil zoology and a far-sighted scientist in the evolution of terrestrial faunas. Professor Ghilarov agreed that during their evolution insects passed through the soil as a transitional medium from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. His theory, which is based on morphological and physiological observations, fits the thermodynamics of soil water the author describes when considering all porous bodies (porosphere), such as soil and other media, permitting a slow and gradual transition from an aquatic towards a xeric aerial system. In conclusion, a general concept of water accessibility for soil animals is formulated.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Prediction of hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity in soils at steady-state infiltration

The purpose of this study was (1) to find a matching factor (u) between infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity during steady-state infiltration, and (2) to propose equations based on infiltration and soil moisture-retention functions for prediction of the hydraulic conductivity K(θ) within the rapidly (non-capillary) drainable pores (RDP) and capillary-matrix pores of soils. The K(θ) of capillary pores was divided into K(θ)_SDP, K(θ)_WHP and K(θ)_FCP within slowly drainable pores (SDP), water-holding pores (WHP) and fine capillary pores (FCP), respectively. Five soil profiles of calcareous sandy loam, alluvial saline and non-saline clay, located at the Nile Delta, were used to apply the proposed equations. The highest and the lowest values of K(θ)_RDP were observed in calcareous and saline clay soil profiles, respectively. Values of K(θ)_RDP remained higher than those for capillary pores in the studied soils. The predicted values of K(θ) in capillary and non-capillary pores classes were in the expected range for unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. Water sorptivity (S) was determined at initial unsaturated soil water conditions and calculated at steady-state infiltration (S _w) using a derived equation. There was a decrease in S with an increase in soil water content; i.e. at steady-state infiltration, S decreased by 35–40% in calcareous soils and by 45–60% in alluvial clay soils. The parameter values of u and S _w tended to be uniform in calcareous soils, but nonuniform in saline and non-saline clay soils.     

黄土塬边坡植被类型对土壤孔隙的影响

黄土塬边坡植被建设以固坡为目的,不同植被的土壤孔隙结构有利于增加降水入渗,从而减少坡面产流的水蚀危害。本研究以长武塬黄土塬边坡的侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)林地、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)灌丛、草地和农地4种植被为研究对象,采集0–30 cm的原状土柱,利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,对其土壤孔隙度、孔隙数目、孔隙成圆率和孔隙分形维数进行定量分析,结合土层样品的理化性质,研究影响土壤孔隙结构的主要因素。结果表明,农地、侧柏孔隙的孔径大小分异不大,而草地、沙棘自身根系互动穿插生成的根孔扩展了孔径分布范围,不仅增加了孔隙度和大孔隙数目,也降低了孔隙成圆率。草地、沙棘有利于降水入渗,是固坡的优先选择。土壤有机质、粘粒含量等性质与孔隙参数之间具有极显著(P<0.001)或显著(P<0.05)相关关系,它们的改变对土壤孔隙特征变化和提高蓄水保土能力具有重要影响。     

川中紫色丘陵区人工林表层土壤侵蚀率与土壤结构性关系

川中紫色丘陵区人工林下土壤侵蚀现象较为严重,在中国科学院盐亭农业生态试验站取土样分析了表层土壤结构性,研究其与表层土壤侵蚀率的关系。结果表明:研究区人工林土壤团聚体稳定性较差、非毛管孔隙数量少;表层土壤侵蚀率(SER)较大并与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、结构体破坏率(SPBR)、团聚体平均重量直径差值(MWDC)、非毛管孔隙度具有明显的对应关系。简要分析了土壤结构性差、侵蚀严重的原因,同时提出了改进措施。     

Soil microstructure alterations induced by land use change for sugarcane expansion in Brazil

Land use change (LUC) alters soil structure and, consequently, the functions and services provided by these soils. Conversion from extensive pasture to sugarcane is one of the largest land transitions in Brazil as a result of the growth of the domestic and global demands of bioenergy. However, the impacts of sugarcane expansion on the soil structure under extensive pasture remains unclear, especially when considering changes at the microscale. We investigated whether LUC for sugarcane cultivation impacted soil microstructure quality. Undisturbed soil samples were taken from two soil layers (0–10 and 10–20 cm) under three contrasting land uses (native vegetation—NV, pasture—PA and sugarcane—SC) in three different locations in the central-southern Brazil. Oriented thin sections (30 μm) were used for micromorphological analysis. The total area of pores decreased following the LUC in the following order: NV > PA > SC in both soil layers. The area of large complex packing pores (>0.01 mm²) also decreased with the LUC sequence: NV>PA>SC. Qualitative and semi-quantitative micromorphological analysis confirmed porosity reduction was driven by the decrease in complex packing pores and that biological features decreased in the same LUC sequence as the quantitative parameters. Therefore, LUC for sugarcane expansion reduced microscale soil porosity, irrespectively of soil type and site-specific conditions, indicating that the adoption of more sustainable management practices is imperative to preserve soil structure and sustain soil functions in Brazilian sugarcane fields.     

川中丘陵区人工林土壤结构性及对土壤侵蚀的影响

为分析川中丘陵区人工林下土壤侵蚀现象较为严重的原因,在中国科学院盐亭农业生态试验站取土样分析了土壤结构性,研究了其与表层土壤侵蚀率的关系。结果表明,研究区人工林土壤团聚体稳定性较差、非毛管孔隙数量少;表层土壤侵蚀率(SER)较大并与>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、结构体破坏率(SPBR)、团聚体平均重量直径差值(MWDC)、非毛管孔隙度具有明显的对应关系。简要分析并提出了土壤结构性差、侵蚀严重的原因及措施。     

Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants

The changes in amount of ether-extractable phenolic substances, individual phenolic adds, organic matter content, and pH value in the decaying process of rice straw were compared at 10, 30, and 50°C under moist and flooded conditions for 70 days.

1) The changes in pH value with time varied markedly according to temperature and water conditions.

2) Phenolic substances in the ether-extractable fraction obtained from the acidified solution of alkaline methanol extract contained undetected phenolic compounds in amounts larger than the phenolic adds detected by gas chromatography. pH value during incubation was hardly attributable to these phenolic substances because of their small quantity.

3) The changes in amount of the ether-extractable phenolic substances with time was mainly due to phenolic compounds other than phenolic acids, and influenced largely by the temperature and water conditions. Their formation and degradation took place rapidly at high temperatures under flooded conditions.

4) From the plots of individual phenolic acids vs. time, it was tentatively concluded that phenolic acids contalned in non-decayed straw were rapidly degraded in the earlier stage, and some of them were newly produced from ether-unextractable precursors in the later stage. These reactions occurred rapidly at high temperatures, especially under flooded conditions.

5) The content of p-hydroxybenzolc acid increased simultaneously with a rapid decrease in p-coumaric acid during the incubation ot straw. The relationship between vanillic acid and ferulic acid was the same.     

基于X-ray CT的古土壤孔裂隙识别与表征

[目的]对古土壤内部孔隙裂隙结构的形态、类型、孔径分布进行精确表征,为斜坡中古土壤水力学性质的研究提供重要依据。[方法]利用X-ray CT对泾阳南塬S5古土壤原状试样进行扫描,利用VG studio Max和AVIZO三维可视化软件,经过滤波处理、阈值分割、三维重建得到了三维可视化数字古土壤模型,计算了二三维孔隙度,基于形状因子提取了古土壤中孔隙和裂隙并进行分类,提出了各类空隙的孔径表征算法。[结果](1)古土壤中孔裂隙并存,在空间上具有显著的垂向性和空间异质性,在空间形态上可由形状因子(SF)区分为裂隙(SF40.18)、枝杈状孔隙(7.01SF≤40.18)、长柱状孔隙(2.0SF≤7.01)、椭球状孔隙(1SF≤2)和球状孔隙(SF≤1);(2)大孔隙度(等效直径大于100μm)为9.86%,占总孔隙度(41.18%)的23.94%,表明古土壤中以等效直径为100μm以下的孔裂隙为主;(3)孔径分布在0.1～5mm之间,以0.1～0.7 mm为主,而体积贡献率上以0.7～1.0 mm为主,裂隙最大开度5.1 mm。[结论]古土壤是一种以中小微孔隙为主,(特)大孔隙和(微)裂隙伴生的双重介质土体,X-ray CT和三维可视化重建技术为古土壤孔裂隙识别和表征提供了一种有效的途径。     

番鸭蛋壳性状对孵化效果的影响

对番鸭白壳蛋、青壳蛋、砂壳蛋的失重率,蛋壳的矿物成分、厚度和气孔数进行测定,并用扫描电镜观察蛋壳结构,研究它们对孵化效果的影响.结果表明:番鸭白壳蛋的孵化率(89.1%)显著高于青壳蛋(67.4%)(P0.05),极显著高于砂壳蛋(48.7%)(P0.01).青壳蛋孵化率低于白壳蛋的原因不在于壳厚(P0.05),而在于青壳蛋的蛋壳气孔数明显低于白壳蛋(P0.05).砂壳蛋蛋壳结构异常与蛋壳的磷含量显著高于白壳蛋有关.对番鸭蛋壳超微结构的扫描电镜观察发现:番鸭白壳蛋、青壳蛋、砂壳蛋不仅外观有差别,而且在超微结构上也有差别.