Effects of aqueous extracts and decomposition of Mikania micrantha H.B.K. debris on selected agronomic crops

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of aqueous extract and the debris of Mile-a-Minute ( Mikania micrantha H.B.K.) on the germination and growth of four test species, viz. tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), Chinese cabbage ( Brassica chinensis L.), corn ( Zea mays L.) and long bean ( Vigna sesquipedalis L.). Germination percentage, radicle length and fresh weight of two crops, Chinese cabbage and tomato, decreased progressively when plants were exposed to increasing concentrations (12.5, 25, 37.5 and 50 g L⁻¹) of aqueous extract of Mikania , but did not affect those of corn and long bean seedlings. The emergence of tomato and Chinese cabbage was greatly reduced when Mikania debris was incorporated into the soil, irrespective of the amount of debris and the decomposition period. In contrast, the emergence of corn and long bean seedlings was not affected. The application of fertilizer (NPK 15 : 15 : 15) enhanced the fresh weight of all seedlings tested as compared with those not supplied with the fertilizer. Four compounds were identified in the leaf extract of Mikania , viz. caffeic acid, p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, resorcinol and vanillic acid.     

土壤中根皮苷和根皮素对桃幼苗的影响

以一年生桃嫁接苗为试材,在盆栽条件下研究了苹果园土壤中特征酚酸类物质——根皮苷和根皮素对桃苗生物量、根系活力、根系保护性酶活性和MDA含量的影响。结果表明,根皮苷对桃幼苗的伤害显著,与对照相比,鲜质量、干质量分别降低了16.66%和21.58%,根系活力降低了33.04%,SOD、POD活性分别降低了40.80%和31.10%,MDA含量提高了116.34%。根皮素对桃苗的影响不大。高锰酸钾处理明显缓解了根皮苷对桃苗的伤害,苹果园土壤中的根皮苷含量降低了57.80%,提高了桃苗的生物量、根系活力和保护性酶活性,降低了MDA含量。综上,老龄苹果园土壤实测含量的根皮苷(0.343mg·kg~(-1))可降低桃苗的生物量,适量的高锰酸钾能缓解根皮苷的伤害作用。     

Effects of artificial light sources on accumulation of phytochemical contents in hydroponic lettuce

Lettuce is grown in different parts of the world and it is beneficial for health. Light condition is one of the most important environmental factor in regulating growth, development, and phytochemical accumulation in lettuce, particularly when lettuce is produced in a hydroponic system. Due to advances in technologies, artificial light sources have become increasingly capable of providing appropriate quality, intensity, and photoperiod of light in hydroponic lettuce production. This review highlights the progress of current research on the effects of artificial light regulation on growth and phytochemical accumulation in lettuce produced in hydroponic systems.     

软儿梨冷冻贮藏过程酚类物质与多酚氧化酶的区域化分布

为研究冷冻贮藏中不同部位酚类物质和多酚氧化酶的分布特征,以青海省地方梨优良品种‘软儿梨’果实为研究材料,采用高效液相色谱法和比色法测定软儿梨果实后熟(室温)、冻藏(-18℃)和解冻(室温)3个时期的果皮、果肉中总多酚、绿原酸的含量和多酚氧化酶活性。结果表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质果肉?果皮,多酚氧化酶则果皮?果肉;冷冻贮藏过程中,不同部位的酚类物质和多酚氧化酶均呈现不同程度的升高,但绿原酸在果皮急剧下降、果肉中略有增加。解冻后总体呈下降趋势,2个部位总酚、多酚氧化酶下降明显,而果皮中的绿原酸变化不大。研究表明:软儿梨果实后熟后,酚类物质和多酚氧化酶分布呈现区域化,冷冻贮藏加剧了酚类物质和多酚氧化酶活性的积累,导致了软儿梨冷冻贮藏后果皮先于果肉发生了褐变。     

多轮次筛选选育高酚酸耐受性丁醇生产菌

纤维原料预处理过程中会产生酚酸等抑制菌株生长的物质,为选育出高丁醇产量及高耐受酚酸胁迫丁醇生产菌株,该研究利用多因子复合筛选策略筛选出一株能够合成足够还原力与对丁醇耐受性较好的菌株Clostridium beijerinckii W6。通过丁醇胁迫适应性进化获得丁醇耐受菌W6-1,其丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6分别提高了14.01%和16.85%。通过紫外诱变处理菌株W6-1并结合理性筛选模型最终获得丁醇产量较高菌株W6-2,其丁醇及总溶剂产量分别可达到（9.51±0.06）和（15.32±0.11）g/L。最后将菌株W6-2通过酚酸胁迫适应性进化得到突变菌W6-3,其能耐受1.0 g/L酚酸胁迫环境,且丁醇和总溶剂产量相较于菌株W6-2分别提高了18.17%和17.49%。当以葛渣水解液为底物进行丙酮丁醇发酵时,突变菌W6-3的丁醇产量达（8.54±0.31）g/L,相较于菌株W6-2提高了26.71%。经多轮次诱变及适应性进化处理获得的突变菌的酚酸耐受性及发酵性能均有较大提高,该文所采用的多轮次筛选方法可以为其他快速筛选优良生产菌提供可靠的理论参考。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化红小豆多酚工艺及效果

为开发利用红小豆加工副产物中的生理活性物质,该研究采用大孔树脂吸附法对煮制红小豆水的多酚类物质进行分离纯化,比较了5种不同型号大孔树脂对红小豆多酚的吸附分离效果,从中筛选出HPD 600型树脂作为理想的吸附剂;研究了 HPD 600树脂对红小豆多酚的吸附等温线,结果表明,该吸附等温线与 Langmuir、Freundlich函数曲线的拟合程度非常高,且采用Langmuir模型的拟合效果略优于Freundlich模型。静态和动态吸附、洗脱试验结果表明：样品液浓度、温度、pH值、乙醇浓度、上样流速及洗脱流速等因素均对HPD 600树脂吸附分离红小豆多酚有影响。较理想的工艺参数为：30℃是较适宜的静态吸附温度;保持煮制红小豆水本身的多酚浓度0.96 mg/mL和pH值6.8,上样体积200 mL,上样流速1.0 mL/min进行动态吸附;吸附饱和平衡后,采用50 mL 60%乙醇溶液,以1.5 mL/min的流速进行动态洗脱。依此得到的红小豆多酚纯化液,其总酚含量和总抗氧化能力均有显著提高,约为纯化前的2.2倍。     

Behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of plants

The behavior of phenolic substances in the decaying process of rice straw, ladino clover, and fanen leaves of red oak under moist conditions, and also of rice straw under various conditions were compared in the laboratory. The amounts of phenolic substances, divided into either humic acid and fulvic acid fractions, or ether-extractable, butanol-extractable and organic solvent-unextractable fractions, and the amounts of individual phenolic acids were periodically determined during incubation for 150 days. The following results were obtained.

1) The amounts and behavior of phenolic substances in various fractions differed considerably among the plant materials. The total amount of phenolic substances was remarkably larger in red oak leaves than in the others during the whole period of incubation. The amounts of phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction changed to a larger extent than those in the humic acid fraction during the decaying process of plant materials. The changes in total amount of phenolics in decaying red oak leaves and ladino clover were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively hydrophilic phenolics in the fulvic acid fraction, but the changes in decaying rice straw were mainly due to changes in the level of relatively lipophilic phenolics.

2) Rice straw and ladino clover, especially the former, contained large amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, but these decreased rapidly in the early stage of the decaying process. The amounts in red oak leaves were small, but did not decrease markedly during incubation.

3) The changes in amounts of phenolics in both humic acid and fulvic acid fractions in the decaying process of rice straw were largely influenced by temperature, moisture, and pH, but not to a large extent by C/N ratio and the presence of soil. At higher temperatures under moist conditions, phenolic substances disappeared rapidly. Also, acidification of the system inhibited the degradation process.     

液态有机肥对酚酸胁迫下马铃薯生长发育和土壤酶活性影响

为明确液态有机肥对土壤酚酸导致马铃薯的连作障碍的缓解效应,采用盆栽试验,将阿魏酸与香草酸等量混合后按不同浓度(0,50,100,150 mg/kg)施加于马铃薯基质土壤中,模拟马铃薯连作分泌的有机酸自毒物质,并施加不同浓度梯度液态有机肥(0,225,450,675 kg/hm^2),探讨酚酸胁迫下液态有机肥对马铃薯生长发育以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:单一施加外源酚酸对马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积以及干物质量皆有不同程度的抑制作用,随酚酸浓度增加,土壤中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性相对对照分别降低2.74%~10.95%,11.11%~20.55%,5.29%~12.96%,过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性升高,FDA水解酶活性表现为低促进高抑制。施加液态有机肥后提高了马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积以及干物质量,土壤酶活性均有提高,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、FDA水解酶活性相对对照处理最高分别提高了10.80%,21.40%,18.20%,29.60%,37.69%,12.31%,但是液态有机肥浓度过高降低了其对磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的提升效果,抑制了FDA水解酶活性。因此合理施加液态有机肥可以促进马铃薯生长发育,提高土壤酶活性,增强马铃薯的抗逆性,从而缓解酚酸对马铃薯的胁迫作用。     

鲜切莲藕中褐变因素分析的研究进展

鲜切莲藕的褐变问题很大程度上限制了产品的生产和销售,分析其褐变因素对解决贮运保鲜问题具有重要意义。本文针对文献资料介绍的导致鲜切莲藕褐变的各因素(酚类物质、多酚氧化酶及环境条件)进行总结和分析,阐明各因素在保鲜贮藏中的变化规律,以期为莲藕加工提供理论借鉴和技术指导。     

不同前处理对苹果渣中酚类含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

以酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性为测定指标,研究不同前处理方法对苹果渣中酚类含量及其抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,苹果渣用0.1%柠檬酸浸泡抑制酚酶活性后,干燥和提取条件与烫漂处理的相同,类黄酮的含量为6 127(μg芦丁/g干重),黄烷醇的含量为3 481(μg儿茶素/g干重),抗氧化活性抑制率88.461%.