Critical comparison of the vanadomolybdate and the molybdenum blue methods for the analysis of phosphate in plant sap

Abstract

The performance of the vanodomolybdate and molybdenum blue methods for the routine determination of phosphate in plant sap were compared in order to assess their suitability for the detection of P deficiency at an early stage of plant growth. The molybdenum blue method was ca 10 times more sensitive than the vanadomolybdate one and required less sap to give a successful test. Recoveries of phosphate added to both sap and solution samples were close to 100% with both methods. The methods were in good agreement over a wide range of phosphate concentrations using sap samples from all leaves during the early stages of P deficiency, but increases in sap background colour caused the vanadomolybdate method to overestimate phosphate concentrations as the deficiency became more acute. Measurements on solutions of similar absorbance showed that the vanadomolybdate method was not significantly more variable than the molybdenum blue method but tended to overestimate phosphate concentration when very small volumes of sap were available. It was concluded that the molybdenum blue method was the most reliable for routine measurements of phosphate in plant sap.     

L'electrode potassium pour l'analyse des tissus vegetaux (The potassium electrode for plant tissue testing)

Abstract

A potassium specific‐ion electrode equiped with a “sensing module” was compared with atomic absorption for potassium determination in plant tissue. The potentiometric readings were stable and reproducible, and were of the same order of magnitude as those obtained by atomic absorption. The correletion coefficient obtained between the two analytical methods were highly significant; but it was higher for corn leaves, sugarbeet leaf‐blades and petioles respectively.     

Effect of water deficit in different growth stages on stem sap flux of greenhouse grown pear-jujube tree

The effects of water deficit in different fruit growth stages on the variation of stem sap flux of 6-year old greenhouse-grown pear-jujube trees were investigated. Treatments included sufficient water supply during the whole fruit-growing period (T₁), mild water deficit during the flowering–fruit setting stage (T₂), moderate water deficit during the fruit rapid growth stage (T₃) and severe water deficit during the fruit maturing stage (T₄). Results showed that significant compensation effect on stem sap flux after re-watering was observed in T₂, but not in T₃ and T₄ stages. At the end of rapid growth stage, the diurnal variation of stomatal conductance generally had a similar trend as that of stem sap flux, but with a distinct midday depression from 12:00 to 14:00 p.m. In addition, a linear relationship between the relative available soil water content (RAWC) and the ratio of daily stem sap flux to that of sufficient water treatment was observed (R² = 0.4489).     

‘福山包头’大白菜叶柄黑点病发生特点及抗性分析

以‘福山包头’大白菜为试材,利用田间调查、显微观察和叶片离体培养的方法,对‘福山包头’系列大白菜叶柄黑点病的发生特点及抗性进行了研究,以期为改善‘福山包头’大白菜抗病性及新品种选育提供参考依据。结果表明:(1)大白菜叶柄黑点病主要发生于叶柄表皮细胞且起始于细胞周质或细胞壁,该病可发生于大白菜的整个生育期,且进入包心期后发展较快;(2)氮素能诱导叶柄黑点病的发生,且铵态氮较硝态氮诱导效果更明显;(3)氮素浓度与叶柄黑点病的发病程度呈正相关,但氮素并不是影响叶柄黑点病发生的唯一因素;(4)‘福山包头’系列大白菜种质资源中,‘福东2号’‘福山82’对叶柄黑点病的抗性较强,‘福小87-13-13’‘皱福’的抗性较弱。     

火龙果周年液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

为探明火龙果蒸腾规律,采用田间大棚试验,研究了4 a生火龙果树主茎的液流速率,并同步监测相关环境因子,分析其液流特征及其与各因子间的关系。结果表明:火龙果单日液流以春季(3—5月)最高(平均值11.95 g/h),其次是冬季,最小是夏季,呈显著性季节变化;单日液流主要呈单峰曲线,峰值出现频率最多的时段是在10:00-13:00,谷值主要出现在17:00-20:00,随后至24:00液流呈增长趋势,零点到日出前液流速率变化平缓;白天(日出-日落期间)的液流量占全天的49.60%～71.51%,夜间则降低。伴随春季火龙果新梢的大量生长,白天的液流峰值和日液流总量为四季中最高,说明生育期起主导作用,但春季的夜间液流占比(平均31.05%)显著低于其他季节(P0.01);夏季峰值出现的时间分散在上午或者下午,且液流量较低,说明高温和强光产生了抑制作用;其余季节峰值则集中在中午。白天与夜间液流总量呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.917(R~2=0.841,n=84)。瞬时尺度下液流速率与光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Active Radiation,PAR)呈正相关(P0.01),但与饱和水汽压差(Vapor Pressure Deficit,VPD)等呈负相关(P0.01)。昼夜间液流对空气相对湿度(Relative Humidity,RH)和气温的响应相反。研究结果为火龙果水分及营养管理提供科学依据,在火龙果大棚生产的周年水肥管理中,满足春季需求是重中之重。     

菠菜硝态氮累积和还原与植株生长的关系

通过盆栽试验,以两个硝态氮含量差异显著的菠菜品种为供试材料,在不同生长时期,测定了叶柄、叶片干重、水分含量、硝态氮含量及叶片内源和外源硝酸还原酶活性,研究菠菜硝态氮累积和硝酸还原酶活性的动态变化及其与植株生长变化的关系。结果表明,随生长期后移,叶柄、叶片及地上部干重和水分含量先增加而后降低,硝态氮含量则持续降低,低硝态氮累积品种S9的下降更为明显,出苗后52d和62d地上部分别降低了100%和89.7%;叶片内源和外源酶活性则随植株生长量增加而增加,高硝态氮累积品种S4增加（379%和199%）更明显,之后该品种酶活性随植株生长量降低而显著下降,品种S9却显著增加,分别为121%和288%。生长前期,品种S4硝态氮含量、干重增长速率及内源、外源酶活性均显著高于品种S9,内源/外源酶活性比值却明显低于后者;生长后期,除外源酶活性和内源/外源酶活性比值外,品种间差异均不明显。因此,生长前期高累积品种硝态氮含量降低较少,主要原因可能是其内源/外源酶活性比值（70.7%）较低,生长后期该品种的内源/外源酶活性比值（98.2%）显著增加后,硝态氮含量迅速下降进一步证明了这一推测。综合上述结果可知,内源/外源酶活性比值更能揭示植株生长变化引起的品种间硝态氮含量变化差异。     

脐橙叶片矿质营养元素含量的分区分布特征

为揭示矿质营养元素在脐橙叶中分区分布特征,以枳砧和枳橙砧纽荷尔脐橙为对象,测定新叶和老叶的叶尖、叶缘、中部、叶基和翼叶等5个分区中10种元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn和B)的含量,并分析各分区离子组成的差异。主成分分析显示,第一主成分(PC1)和第二主成分(PC2)分别解释了总变量的43.4%和21.1%,明确区分了新叶和老叶,大致区分了叶不同分区,发现新叶翼叶与其他分区具有明显差异,而老叶本叶各分区的离散程度明显大于新叶本叶各分区。两种砧木脐橙新叶中钾含量分布表现为翼叶叶基中部叶缘≈叶尖,镁含量表现为叶尖≈叶缘中部叶基翼叶;两种砧木脐橙老叶中锰含量表现为叶尖≈叶缘中部叶基翼叶,硼含量表现为叶尖叶缘中部叶基翼叶。N、P、B在新叶本叶各分区以及P、Ca在老叶本叶各分区间含量都没有显著差异。枳砧脐橙新叶翼叶Mn、Cu和Zn的含量与叶片其他分区没有显著差异,而枳橙砧脐橙新叶翼叶Mn、Cu和Zn的含量都分别显著低于叶片其他分区。结果表明,不同元素叶片分区分布特征存在明显差异,翼叶的元素含量和离子组成与叶片其他分区差异明显。     

锰肥施用对大豆若干生理诊断指标影响的研究

以“垦农4号”为材料,利用锰浸种和初花期叶面喷施,在小区试验的条件下研究了锰对大豆根系伤流量、伤流液中硝态氮和氨基酸含量调控的效应。结果表明,适量的锰浸种与叶面喷施可增加大豆植株的伤流量,提高大豆植株主动吸水能力和根系生理活性。不同浓度锰浸种对大豆伤流液中硝态氮与氨基酸含量影响不是很明显;适量锰叶面喷施可明显促进大豆伤流液中硝态氮与氨基酸含量,使其高于对照与高浓度锰处理。     

不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数和伤流液组分的差异

溶液培养条件下研究硼对不同硼效率棉花品种根系参数、伤流量及伤流液组分的影响。结果表明,缺硼抑制棉花根系生长,根重、根体积、根长、活跃吸收面积、总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积占总吸收面积的比例以及伤流量均显著降低,高效品种降低幅度比低效品种小;缺硼还使高效品种根系比表面积升高,而低效品种无显著变化。缺硼显著影响不同棉花品种伤流液各组分含量,与低效品种相比,高效品种伤流液中有较多的NO3-、K+、无机磷、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸。说明缺硼条件下高效品种根系比低效品种具有更强的吸收、代谢活力,可能是其硼效率较高的主要原因之一。     

甜高粱茎秆液态发酵制取乙醇工艺技术

甜高粱茎秆液态发酵制取乙醇工艺技术是国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)《甜高粱茎秆制取乙醇》(课题编号:2001AA 514040)项目中关键技术之一,本文简要的论述了该项技术的工艺流程、工作原理和性能指标。该项研究成果主要以甜高粱茎秆汁液为原料,采用固定化酵母流化床快速发酵工艺,并克服了固定化细胞技术中普遍存在的载体机械强度低、使用寿命短等技术难题,同时根据乙醇酵母的生理、生化特性制定了一套适用于高技术的乙醇生产新工艺。该项技术具有发酵速度快、发酵率高,成熟醪酒份高、残糖低、能耗低。