超高产水稻产量形成的气候生态特点研究

在云南和湖南异地异季种植，研究了水稻超高产形成的相应气候生态条件，结果表明：超高产水稻具有大穗、多穗、高结实率的特点．云南试区具有日较差大、日照时数多、相对湿度低，平均温度较低的气候特点，故水稻生育期较长，同化物积累多，成穗率高，灌浆强度大．湖南试区阴雨寡照是影响产量的重要因素．     

水稻机械化喷直播技术的应用现状及对策

分析了水稻机械化喷直播技术的特点和技术要求，介绍了水稻机械化喷直播技术的应用现状及其技术推广的制约因素．提出了推广水稻机械化喷直播技术的对策．     

Weeding techniques in transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in Pakistan

Field studies were undertaken to explore the weed management strategies for transplanted and direct wet-seeded rice in the Dera Ismail Khan district of North-west Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement. The main plots consisted of two planting techniques (transplantation and direct seeding), while weed control practises assigned to the subplots included the use of the granular herbicide Sunstar 15WG (ethoxy sulfuron), Machete 60EC (butachlor), conventional hand weeding, and the weedy check (untreated control). Data were recorded on weed dynamics and the agronomic parameters of the rice crop. Economic analyses on the data were also run. The weed density and biomass were lower in the transplantation plots than the direct-seeding plots. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor reduced the density over the weedy check, with a density comparable to hand weeding in 2002, but slightly higher in 2003. As a result of weed management by hand weeding and herbicides, the paddy yield and its components were significantly higher for the transplanted method compared to the direct-seeded method. The comparable yield of herbicides with hand weeding offers an option for the use of herbicides as an alternative management tool. In light of our findings, it is concluded that for good economic returns, rice crops may be transplanted rather than direct-seeded. The herbicides ethoxy sulfuron and butachlor offer a weed control cover comparable with hand weeding under the transplantation method, while butachlor is good for controlling weeds even under the direct-seeded conditions in the agroclimatic conditions of the area.     

Alternative Route of Infection for Bacterial Seedling Blight of Rice Caused by Burkholderia plantarii

Burkholderia plantarii , the pathogen of bacterial seedling blight of rice, was detected in paddy water. Its concentration rose in July and August. The bacterial concentration in the paddy water was always higher along levees than at distances more than 5 m from levees. Confirmed to be released into water when graminaceous weeds were immersed, B. plantarii survived for at least 4 days at 30°C. B. plantarii was splashed at least 30 cm upward by rain splash in the field. Harvested seeds, which had been sprayed with B. plantarii released from graminaceous weeds at the flowering stage, retained the bacteria. Bacterial seedling blight occurred when the seeds were then sown in nursery boxes. These results indicated that graminaceous weeds growing on levees of paddy fields are a source of infection of the disease and that rice seeds are infected through the paddy water. Received 23 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 1 September 2002     

南方灭鼠应用稻谷与大米毒饵的比较

生物测定法测得谷壳对复方88-1灭鼠剂的阻滞率为54．3％，光谱分析法测得其对敌鼠钠盐的阻滞率在47．43％—57．00％之间。相同条件下，褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus取食敌鼠钠盐稻谷毒饵量为大米毒饵的2倍多。在南方潮湿的环境下，大米毒饵更易松散、霉变，使其适口性更低。综合考虑认为南方灭鼠使用稻谷毒饵更为合适。     

双季稻区稻水象甲的生物学特性研究

稻水象甲在浙江双季稻区每年发生２代，以成虫滞育越冬。春季越冬成虫迁入早稻田繁殖，形成１代致害种群；夏季１代成虫生殖滞育，绝大部分个体（９５％以上）迁出早稻田行夏蛰并越冬；秋季２代成虫羽化后，大部分迁飞山上草地越冬。     

稻田入土生物质炭自然陈化过程理化特性变化规律

为探究生物质炭入土后其长期理化特性变化,以水稻秸秆生物质炭为试验材料,通过分析长期定位试验田中的入土生物质炭样品,探究了稻田土壤中生物质炭的理化特性变化规律。结果表明,入土生物质炭颗粒随时间推移经历持续性物理破碎,平均孔径显著降低,入土 11 年后,生物质炭比表面积从初始的 55.0 m²·g^-1增大到 259.0 m²·g^-1,氢与碳的摩尔比从最初的 0.423 提升至 0.568,不饱和度显著提升。入土生物质炭 C=O(1 600～1 630 cm^-1)和 C—O—C(1 080 cm^-1)的骨架振动强度和芳香族 C—H(790 cm^-1)的平面振动均增强,其含氧官能团的类型和含量呈现明显增加的趋势。与此同时,入土生物质炭的可热降解组分占比不断提高,热稳定性逐渐降低。研究表明,与实验室老化模拟试验结果明显不同,受诸多外力作用和环境因素的影响,稻田中入土生物质炭的理化特性发生了更显著的变化,稳定性随着时间的推移逐年降低。因此,为精准...     

长期施肥对不同深度稻田土壤团聚体磷素分配的影响

长期磷肥投入显著增加了耕层土壤各团聚体组分中磷素累积,而作为评判磷素是否向地下水迁移的重要指标,深层土壤团聚体磷素分配对长期磷肥投入的响应仍缺乏系统评估。本研究依托始于1981年红壤稻田长期定位试验,选取不施磷肥（NK）、氮磷钾化肥（NPK）和氮磷钾化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,在长期试验40年后（2020年）,分别采集0～20、20～40、40～60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定了全土和各团聚体组分的总磷和有效磷含量,并探讨了施肥-团聚体质量百分比-团聚体磷素之间的内在关系。结果表明,所有施肥处理均表现为>2 mm团聚体质量百分比随着土壤深度的增加而逐渐降低,与NK处理相比,磷肥施用显著提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm全土和团聚体组分中有效磷含量,且NPKM处理的增幅最大。与NK处理相比,NPKM处理下0～20、20～40cm和40～60 cm各团聚体总磷含量分别提高了2.14～2.60、1.39～2.80倍和27.03%～180%,各团聚体有效磷含量增幅分别为12.95～18.29、7.57～12.31倍和70.67%～709%。同时,NPKM处理总磷和有效磷的增幅呈现出...     

基于逆向工程的搅浆刀作业性能界定与关键设计参数研究

水田搅浆是基于稻作制度的独立机械化作业环节,搅浆刀是进行搅浆农艺处理的专用刀具,但目前缺乏针对搅浆的农艺界定及搅浆刀专用设计参数研究.本文利用逆向工程技术获取搅浆刀的关键几何参数,并对搅浆作业和搅浆刀的设计方法进行定义.通过与常规旋耕刀(R245)进行分析对比提出搅浆刀的专用设计参数,进而通过田间试验进一步探讨搅浆刀的...