Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

土壤中对硝基酚迁移转化和去除技术研究进展

对硝基酚是一种有毒难降解有机物,在土壤中的来源众多,其主要来源之一就是农业活动中农药的中间代谢。对硝基酚作为新型污染物进入土壤后易被土壤所吸附进而长期蓄积在土壤中对环境造成影响,其降解特征对环境风险的评估具有重要意义。基于国内外的研究进展,综述了对硝基酚的生物毒性、代谢途径和迁移转化过程,并从物理、化学和生物角度出发对对硝基酚的去除技术进行了论述,进而对其污染的修复进行了展望。     

Biotransformation enzyme activities in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Immunocytochemical localization of cytochrome P4501A1 and its induction by β-naphthoflavone

Olfaction is a crucial function in most fish species, but little is known about biotransformation enzymes in the olfactory organ. This study demonstrates that biotransformation enzymes usually found in the rainbow trout liver, are present in the olfactory organ as well. While microsomal cytochrome P450 reductase, p-nitrophenol hydroxylase and cytosolic glutathioneS-transferase presented similar levels in both the olfactory organ and the liver, microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD), 7-ethoxycoumarinO-deethylase, and 7-pentoxyresorufinO-deethylase were much lower in the olfactory organ (77-, 35-, 200-times respectively). Furthermore, microsomes from the olfactory organ were able to perform testosterone hydroxylation only in the 16α-position while testosterone was hydroxylated in the 16β-position by liver microsomes. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against perch cytochrome P4501A1, the immunoreactive protein was shown to be strongly expressed in various cellular types forming the nonsensory epithelium. Some immunostaining was also reported in the nonsensory cellular elements constituting the sensory epithelium, while olfactory receptor cells failed to show cytochrome P4501A1-immunoreactivity. Finally, the exposure of rainbow trout to waterborne β-naphthoflavone (0.1 μg ml⁻¹) for 2 or 4 days resulted in a higher induction of EROD activity in the olfactory organ compared to the liver. The presence of biotransformation enzymes in the olfactory organ of rainbow trout addresses the question of their involvement in the detoxication/toxication of pollutants as well as in the olfactory function.     

苍白杆菌B2对甲基对硫磷降解途径研究

采用薄层层析、紫外吸收光谱以及气谱-质谱联用的方法分析了苍白杆菌Ochrobacterum sp. B2降解甲基对硫磷的中间产物。结果表明,B2水解甲基对硫磷产生对硝基苯酚(PNP),PNP通过产生4-硝基邻苯二酚(4-nitrocatechol,4-NC)和1,2,4-苯三酚(1,2,4-benzenetriol) 的途径进一步代谢。苍白杆菌B2可以以PNP和4-NC为碳源生长,在菌的初始OD600值为0.02时,B2可在48 h内将50 mg/L的PNP完全降解, 在60 h内,将30 mg/L的4-NC完全降解。     

交联淀粉微球对对硝基苯酚的吸附行为及机理研究

以可溶性淀粉为原料,N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,采用反相悬浮聚合得到了一种交联淀粉微球（CSM）,研究了CSM对对硝基苯酚（p-NP）的静态吸附行为,测定了吸附等温线,分析了吸附热力学性质和动力学特征,并用红外光谱仪和X射-线衍射仪对CSM吸附p-NP前后对照分析,探讨吸附机理。结果表明,在研究范围内,CSM对p-NP的吸附等温线同时符合Langmuir等温方程和Freundli-ch等温方程;在不同温度下,CSM吸附p-NP的吸附焓变（ΔH）、熵变（ΔS）、吉布斯函变（ΔG）均为负值,吸附过程自发、放热,且为焓推动作用。     

营养物质及金属离子对DLL-E4菌降解对硝基苯酚的影响

研究了酵母膏、葡萄糖、蛋白胨、土壤浸液及Ca2 、Mg2 、Fe2 、Fe3 、Al3 、Mn2 、Co2 、Zn2 、Li 、Cu 、Cu2 、Ba2 、Ni2 等 13种金属离子对甲基对硫磷降解菌DLL E4降解对硝基苯酚的影响。结果表明 :适量添加酵母膏、葡萄糖和蛋白胨都能有效提高菌株对对硝基苯酚的降解 ,土壤浸液没有影响 ;金属离子中 ,除Li 和 0 1mmolL-1Fe3 外均对DLL E4降解对硝基苯酚的性状有一定的影响 ,其中Ca2 、Mg2 、Mn2 影响不大 ,Fe3 、Fe2 、Al3 、Ba2 、Zn2 高浓度时影响较大 ,Co2 、Cu2 、Cu 、Ni2 对DLL E4降解对硝基苯酚有较大的影响     

施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1对甲基对硫磷的降解及其代谢产物检测

利用实验室已获取的菌株YC-YH1对甲基对硫磷进行降解,以高效液相色谱结合质谱分析(HPLC-MS)测定菌株YC-YH1对甲基对硫磷的降解速率并检测其代谢产物,通过基因克隆研究菌株YC-YH1对甲基对硫磷降解的分子机制,同时分析代谢产物对菌株YC-YH1生长的影响.结果表明,菌株YC-YH1为施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri),能够高效降解甲基对硫磷,其同时含有甲基对硫磷水解酶基因mpd和有机磷水解酶基因ophC2.经质谱分析确定,菌株YC-YH1将甲基对硫磷水解为对硝基苯酚和二甲基硫代硫酸酯,其中对硝基苯酚显著抑制YC-YH1的生长.综上,施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1能够高效地降解甲基对硫磷,但对硝基苯酚作为其代谢产物对YC-YH1的生长存在显著抑制作用.     

对硝基苯酚对泥鳅肝组织结构及丙氨酸转氨酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨对硝基苯酚对泥鳅肝组织结构和丙氨酸转氨酶活性的影响,为评价酚类化合物对水生生物的毒害作用提供理论依据。【方法】根据预试验确定的对硝基苯酚对泥鳅的安全浓度和最小不致死浓度,按等对数(常用对数)间距将对硝基苯酚设置为4.40,5.13,5.98,6.98mg/L,以对硝基苯酚未处理组为对照,分别在泥鳅染毒7,14,21,28d取样,采用HE染色法观察肝组织结构的变化,采用赖氏比色法测定丙氨酸转氨酶活性的变化。【结果】泥鳅在6.98mg/L对硝基苯酚中暴露14d,肝细胞发生空泡化、细胞溶解及核变形;暴露28d,肝细胞除严重空泡化、细胞溶解及核变形外,还出现核溶解等受损症状;与对照组相比,除6.98mg/L 28d时丙氨酸转氨酶活性下降外,其他各质量浓度组在暴露各个时期泥鳅肝脏丙氨酸转氨酶活性均升高,但随着对硝基苯酚质量浓度的增大,丙氨酸转氨酶活性逐渐降低。在同一对硝基苯酚质量浓度下,随着暴露时间的延长,丙氨酸转氨酶活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势。【结论】对硝基苯酚可造成泥鳅肝组织结构损伤,且受损程度随质量浓度的增大而加剧;对硝基苯酚可诱导泥鳅肝脏丙氨酸转氨酶的活性,但诱导作用随着质量浓度的增大而逐渐减弱,随暴露时间的延长先增强后减弱、直至抑制。     

污泥改良对新疆低有机质土壤吸附水中对硝基苯酚性能的影响

[目的]以施加不同比例城市污泥并老化2年后的新疆低有机质土壤为研究对象,探讨污泥改良对土壤性质及其对对硝基苯酚吸附能力的影响。[方法]采用绘制等吸附曲线的试验方法。[结果]水中对硝基苯酚在原土、污泥及污泥改良土壤中的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温式;当加入污泥含量为9.1%～50.0%时,污泥改良土壤中的有机碳含量比理论计算值减少66.3%～24.8%;对硝基苯酚在混合老化的改良土壤上的实测饱和表面吸附量远大于理论计算值,但吸附系数远小于后者。[结论]混合老化后改良土壤的性质发生很大变化,混合老化后表面吸附作用增大,而有机质的分配作用在总吸附作用中的贡献减小。     

活性炭脱除废水中对硝基苯酚的研究

对硝基苯酚（PNP）毒性大、难于生物降解,是化工、农药、染料等行业废水中常见的有机污染物。以活性炭为吸附剂处理舍对硝基苯酚的废水,考察了吸附时间、活性炭用量、对硝基苯酚浓度对废水处理能力的影响。研究结果表明,吸附时间、活性炭用量、浓度对对硝基苯酚的去除率具有明显的影响。当对硝基苯酚浓度为150mg／L的废水,在活性炭用量为60mg、吸附处理150min后,对硝基苯酚的去除率可达99．09％,此时即可将废水中对硝基苯酚的浓度降到2mg／L以下,达到国家综合污水一级排放标准。