循环流化床中塑料粉与稻壳共燃生成NO的研究

为研究塑料与稻壳共燃的氮氧化物生成规律,在自行设计的循环流化床装置上进行了二者的共燃实验。研究了温度、塑料粉和稻壳的混合比例及过量空气系数对NO生成量的影响。实验结果表明,随温度升高,NO生成量升高;随塑料粉与稻壳混合比例增加,NO生成量呈降低趋势,且NO的生成量低于二者单独焚烧时生成量的线性叠加;随着过量空气系数增加,NO生成量降低。为寻找二者共燃NO生成的一般性规律,采用径向基神经网络建立了NO生成的预测模型,预测结果显示该模型具有很高的精度。     

铋系氧化物在光催化技术中的研究进展

总结近年铋系列半导体光催化剂的制备、种类和光催化反应机理等的研究进展,并展望了铋系列半导体光催化剂未来的发展方向.     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.     

三江并流区土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究

采集云南省西部怒江、澜沧江、金沙江三江并流区8种不同类型土壤,进行土壤氧化铁及其发生学意义研究。结果表明,发育于第三纪古红土和玄武岩母质上的土壤全铁含量较高,铁游离度较低,活性铁和铁活化度也较低。不同类型土壤全铁含量由低到高依次为：高山草甸土〈紫色土〈黄棕壤〈棕色针叶林土〈棕壤〈红壤〈石灰土〈暗棕壤。棕壤、石灰土的土壤铁富集明显,处于富铁化阶段;红壤、紫色土、黄棕壤的土壤铝富集超过铁,铁的游离度很高,已进入富铝化阶段;暗棕壤、棕色针叶林土、高山草甸土的土壤风化发育尚停留在脱盐基的硅铝化阶段。     

土壤剖面胶体中铁氧化物及其厌氧还原特征研究

采用自由沉降法分离提取玄武岩赤红壤不同剖面深度的土壤胶体,分析其基本特征,并通过厌氧培养试验测试不同剖面土壤胶体中铁氧化物的厌氧还原特征。化学分析结果表明,土壤胶体中铁的游离度表现出A层>B1层>AB层的趋势,铁的活化度则随剖面深度的增加而降低,XRD、FTIR的表征结果显示,玄武岩赤红壤胶体中铁氧化物主要是结晶较差的赤铁矿和针铁矿。培养试验结果表明,不同剖面深度的土壤胶体厌氧培养过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度均表现出不断增大的趋势,A层土壤胶体铁氧化物易被还原且累积量较高,可达(0.104±0.003)mg/g土。Fe(Ⅱ)的最大累积量随着土壤胶体中无定形铁的含量和铁的活化度的增加而增加,其速率常数与土壤有机质含量有一定的正相关关系。     

九宫山土壤剖面中黏土矿物的组成特征

以湖北省九宫山的4种垂直地带性土壤为对象,研究其剖面层次的黏土矿物组合和铁、铝氧化物的特征,揭示山地土壤中黏土矿物的变化特点。结果表明,随海拔升高,土壤中黏土矿物类型从以高岭石为主,逐渐变为以14.0?矿物、伊利石及三水铝石为主,有从1︰1型向2︰1型矿物过渡的趋势;不同层次的土壤中黏土矿物类型和相对含量变化明显;土壤随垂直高程的升高,其中游离态铁、铝减小,非晶形和络合态铁、铝增加,各种形态铁、铝氧化物的总量也增加。     

铁锰结核的元素组成及微形态特征

本文研究了钙质变性土中铁锰结核的矿质全量组成、微量元素丰度，微形态特征以及土壤和铁锰结核中各形态铁锰氧化物的组成特点，结果表明，铁锰结核中仍以ＳｉＯ２含量最高，但Ｆｅ２Ｏ３含量增加超过了Ａｌ２Ｏ３、ＭｎＯ含量大大超过了Ｋ２Ｏ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、ＴｉＯ２和ＭｇＯ的含量，所测定的９种微量元素中以Ｂａ含量最高，其次是Ｖ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ３种铁族元素，Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ含量也较高，但Ｚｎ和Ｃｒ含量较低，一般黑土层中的结核较小，     

纳米铁氧化物催化类Fenton反应降解抗生素磺胺

采用纳米铁矿物(赤铁矿α-Fe₂O₃、磁赤铁矿γ-Fe₂O₃、磁铁矿Fe₃O₄、水铁矿Fe₅HO₈·4H₂O)为催化剂与H₂O₂构成类Fenton反应,进行抗生素磺胺的氧化降解研究,并考察磺胺初始浓度、铁氧化物投加量、H₂O₂浓度、溶液pH等对磺胺氧化降解过程的影响。结果表明,磺胺初始浓度2 mg·L^-1、赤铁矿投加量1 g·L^-1、H₂O₂浓度30 mL·L^-1、溶液pH 3.6和温度25 ℃条件下,反应72 h后磺胺的降解率为99.27%。利用LC-MS进行产物分析,表明铁氧化物催化类Fenton反应降解磺胺主要是催化氧化反应,磺胺分子结构中的对位氨基被氧化成硝基。     

Predicting the degree of phosphorus saturation using the ammonium acetate–EDTA soil test

As a result of the important role played by phosphorus (P) in surface water eutrophication, the susceptibility of soils to release P requires evaluation. The degree of phosphorus saturation, assessed by oxalate extraction (DPS_ox), has been used as an indicator. However, most laboratories do not include DPS_ox in routine soil tests because of cost and time. This study evaluates the suitability of the ammonium acetate extraction in the presence of EDTA (AAEDTA), the standard soil test P (STP) in Wallonia (Southern Belgium), to predict DPS_ox; we also compared it with the Mehlich 3 extraction. Ninety‐three topsoil samples were collected in agricultural soils throughout Wallonia. Good correlations were found between the AAEDTA and the Mehlich 3 methods for P, Fe and Al (r = 0.85, 0.77 and 0.86, respectively). An exponential relationship was found between P_AAEDTA and DPS_ox. Results of principal component analysis and regression demonstrated that STP can be used to predict DPS_ox (r = 0.93) after logarithmic transformation. Soil test Al was also a good indicator of the P sorption capacity (PSC_ox) of soils (r = 0.86). Including the clay fraction in regression equations only slightly improved the prediction of PSC_ox (r = 0.90), while other readily available data (such as pH or organic carbon) did not significantly improve either DPS_ox or PSC_ox predictions.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.