Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

Role of vascular remolding induced by nitric oxide and matrix metalloproteinase in aneurysm

Nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important in vascular remolding, especially in abdominal aortic aneurysm. NO may be associated with aneurysms by modulating MMPs expression and activity.     

Proteomic analysis of the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α on endothelial cells

AIM: To investigate the affected proteins by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in endothelial cells, and further explore the potential molecular mechanism of TNF-α on endothelial cells. METHODS: Nitric oxide (NO) production in the cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured by a NO assay kit. Proteomic alterations were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: NO production in HUVECs decreased significantly after TNF-α treatement. Proteomics analysis showed 21 protein spots were changed including 9 spots that were increased and 11 spots that were decreased after TNF-α stimulation, and 1 spot was only detected in TNF-α activated cell gels. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased the expression of ecNOS by TNF-α might result in decreased NO production. Up-regulated MAP/ERK kinase 3 expression might imply that TNF-α activates the expression of adhesion molecules. Cytoskeletal protein actin is also involved in TNF-α injuried HUVECs. Proteomic analysis can find some clues for identifying new potential target of TNF-α.     

一氧化氮合成酶抑制剂对宰后成熟过程中牦牛肉品质的影响

【目的】研究一氧化氮对宰后牦牛肉品质的影响,为牦牛肉品质改善提供理论依据。【方法】以3—5岁去势甘南牦牛肉为材料,取其背最长肌,剔除筋膜、脂肪等,切成大小均匀的薄片(8 cm×8 cm),用20 G针均匀穿刺,分别采用去离子水(对照组)和1、10、100 mmol·L^-1一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)抑制剂(N-硝基-L-精氨酸甲酯盐酸盐)在4℃条件下1﹕1(V/m)浸泡肉样1 d,然后在4℃条件下成熟,测定成熟期间(0、1、3、5和7 d)NOS活性与一氧化氮含量、肌原纤维小片化指数(MFI)、总巯基含量、羰基含量、pH、色度等指标。【结果】NOS抑制剂处理后的牦牛背最长肌NOS活性和一氧化氮含量显著降低,成熟第7天时,处理组的NOS活性分别比对照组低30.9%、43.6%、74.7%,一氧化氮含量分别比对照组低4.7%、12.5%、21.5%。处理后的牦牛肉pH显著降低,第7天时,处理组分别比对照组低0.8%、5.7%、15.2%,其中10和100 mmol·L^-1 NOS抑制剂处理组显著低于对照组。处理显著降低了牦牛肉羰基含量,成熟第7天时,...     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用营养液水培试验,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对盐胁迫下山葡萄‘双丰’1a生扦插苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:外源NO提高了盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了PSⅡ的激发能压力(1-qP);另外,在一定程度上提高了盐胁迫下最大潜在电子传递速率(rETRm)、半饱和光强(Ik)和快速光曲线的初始斜率(α)。表明外源NO通过减少过剩激发能的压力,提高了光合电子传递效率,减轻不可逆光抑制,进而缓解盐胁迫对山葡萄光合机构的伤害,提高其耐盐性。     

水分胁迫下玉米叶片中一氧化氮与钙和钙调素的相互作用

以玉米(Zea mays L.)为材料,研究水分胁迫下玉米叶片中NO与Ca2+和钙调素(CaM)含量之间的关系。结果显示:Ca2+鳌合剂、Ca2+通道阻塞剂和CaM拮抗剂预处理均抑制了水分胁迫诱导的NO产生和一氧化氮合酶(nitric ox-idesynthase,NOS)活性的提高,同时也能抑制水分胁迫诱导的叶片线粒体NO产生,而对叶绿体NO产生并没有影响;NO清除剂羟基2苯基4,4,5,5四咪唑1羟基3氧化物(2-4-carboxypheny l-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide,c-PTIO)能抑制水分胁迫条件下Ca2+和CaM的产生以及CaM1基因表达,但对水分胁迫最初诱导的玉米叶片叶肉细胞原生质体Ca2+和玉米叶片中CaM1基因表达以及CaM含量增加没有影响。上述结果表明:水分胁迫下NO和Ca2+/CaM之间存在相互作用。     

Cu^2＋胁迫下一氧化氮对小白菜生长状况及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以四季小白菜为试材,研究了Cu^2＋胁迫下一氧化氮对小白菜生长状况及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：Cu^2＋胁迫使小白菜生长受到抑制,Fv／Fm和ФPSⅡ降低;Cu^2＋浓度为100—1000μmol／L时,300μmol／L硝普钠能缓解Cu^2＋胁迫对小白菜造成的伤害。     

辣木油的抗氧化稳定性研究

研究温度、光照时间对辣木油抗氧化稳定性的影响,以此选择合理的保存方式。用石油醚浸出法制成辣木油试样,以过氧化值(POV)为试验指标,采用Sehaal烘箱法和室内自然光照射法进行试验,测定不同温度和不同受热、光照时间下的POV值并计算氧化诱导时间。结果表明:不同受热时间下测得的POV值之间的差异性不显著,而不同光照时间的POV值则具有显著性差异,说明辣木油对温度比较稳定,但对光照则相反,光照时间越长抗氧化的稳定性就越差,光照氧化诱导时间仅为3.5 d。提示了辣木油应在20℃左右保存并特别注意避光,在此条件下的货架期可达304 d。      

热应激大白鼠脾脏和肝脏组织HSP70和NOS的表达变化

随机选用42只6月龄健康雄性SD大白鼠,研究热应激处理1 h后恢复0、2、4、8、12、48 h6个时段脾脏和肝脏组织热应激蛋白70(HSP70)和一氧化氮合成酶(NOS)免疫组织的化学变化规律.结果表明:(1)热应激处理后恢复4 h,大白鼠脾脏组织HSP70的阳性表达达到高峰,大量细胞破裂,8 h后呈逐渐下降的趋势;恢复0、2、4、8、12 h的阳性表达与对照的差异均达极显著水平(P0.01),恢复48 h的阳性表达与对照的差异不显著(P0.05).(2)热应激处理后各恢复期肝脏组织HSP70的阳性表达与对照的差异均不显著(P0.05).(3)热应激处理后恢复8 h,肝脏组织NOS的阳性表达达到高峰,而后逐渐下降;恢复0、2、4、8、12 h的阳性表达与对照的差异均达极显著水平(P0.01);恢复48 h的阳性表达与对照的差异不显著(P0.05),恢复0、2、4、8、12 h间的阳性表达差异均达极显著水平(P0.01);(4)热应激处理后各恢复期脾脏组织NOS的阳性表达与对照的差异均不明显.     

中性粒细胞淋球菌感染模型的建立

目的 研究诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）及一氧化氮（NO）在中性粒细胞淋球菌感染模型中的表达。方法分离正常人外周血中性粒细胞,在10％胎牛血清DMEM培养液上培养3h,A组加入空白培养基,B组加入淋球菌菌液,随后在0、3、8、12h分别以实时定量荧光PCR测定iNOS mRNA表达,用镉还原法检测NO浓度。结果B组中iN08mRNA表达和NO水平均较A组升高（P〈0．01）,NO浓度在8h达到高峰。结论中性粒细胞淋球菌感染模型可成功模拟该菌体内微氧感染环境,可用于研究淋球菌致病机制。