Effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate of nitrogen applied to a soil incubated under laboratory conditions

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin on the fate and recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and on N mineralization from soil organic sources. Intact soil cores were collected from a grassland field. Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea were applied as N sources. Cores were equilibrated at –5 kPa matric potential and incubated at 20 °C for 42 to 56 days. Changes in NH₄⁺‐N, accumulation of NO₃^–‐N, apparent recovery of applied N, and emission of N₂O (acetylene was used to block N₂O reductase) were examined during the study. A significant increase in NH₄⁺‐N released through mineralization was recorded when nitrapyrin was added to the control soil without N fertilizer application. In the soils to which N was added either as urea or DAP, 50–90 % of the applied N disappeared from the NH₄⁺‐N pool. Some of this N (8–16 %) accumulated as NO₃^–‐N, while a small proportion of N (1 %) escaped as N₂O. Addition of nitrapyrin resulted in a decrease and delay of NH₄⁺‐N disappearance, accumulation of much lower soil NO₃^–‐N contents, a substantial reduction in N₂O emissions, and a 30–40 % increase in the apparent recovery of added N. The study indicates that N recovery can be increased by using the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in grassland soils at moisture condition close to field capacity.     

Influence of two “nitrogen regulators”; on soil n transformations and movement

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to assess the potential influence of a commercial product, EXTEND, on nitrogen transformations and movement in a sandy soil. Neither nitrapyrin (a commercially‐available nitrification inhibitor) nor EXTEND significantly affected the rate of NH₄ ⁺‐N or NO₃ ^‐‐N movement through a column of soil treated with urea‐ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer. Nitrapyrin effectively inhibited nitrification, but the nitrification rate in the EXTEND treated systems were the same as control.     

Evaluation of Two Products Recently Introduced as Nitrification Inhibitors

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two products recently introduced as nitrification inhibitors with other materials used to inhibit nitrification. Four soils were treated with 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 mg kg^?1 of nitrapyrin (NP), a new microencapsulated nitrapyrin product (ENP), dicyandiamide (DCD), a new maleic-itaconic polymer product (MIP), and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). The soils were also treated with 200 mg N kg^?1 as urea, and percent inhibition of nitrification determined after 2 or 4 weeks of incubation. After 4 weeks, similar levels of nitrification inhibition were provided by 1 mg kg^?1 of NP (72%), 5 mg kg^?1 of ENP (79%), and 25 mg kg^?1 of DCD (73%), averaged across soil. After 4 weeks with a sandy soil, the highest rate of MIP and ATS provided 15 and 36% inhibition, respectively. MIP and ATS were ineffective at inhibiting nitrification when added to the other three soils.

Abbreviations: ATS: ammonium thiosulfate; DCD: dicyandiamide; ENP: encapsulated nitrapyrin; MIP: maleic-itaconic polymer; NP: nitrapyrin; UAN: urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer     

Effects of urea mixed with nitrapyrin on leaf photosynthetic and senescence characteristics of summer maize (Zea mays L.) waterlogged in the field

Waterlogging is one of the major abiotic stresses in agricultural crop production. However, the application of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine(nitrapyrin) can effectually mitigate the losses of nitrogen efficiency and grain yield of summer maize induced by waterlogging. In order to explore its role to alleviate waterlogging stress on leaf antioxidative system and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize, a field experiment was executed to research effects of nitrapyrin application on leaf photosynthetic and senescent characteristics of waterlogged summer maize Denghai 605(DH605) and Zhengdan 958(ZD958). Experimental treatments consisted of waterlogging treatment that was applying only urea(WL), waterlogging treatment that was applying urea mixing with nitrapyrin(WL-N), and no waterlogging treatment that was only applying urea(NWL). Results showed that WL significantly decreased leaf area index(LAI), SPAD, photosynthetic rate(P_n), and protective enzyme activities, accelerated leaf aging, eventually led to a remarkable yield reduction by 38 and 42% for DH605 and ZD958, respectively, compared to NWL. However, the application of nitrapyrin was useful for relieving waterlogging damages on leaf photosynthetic ability. LAI, SPAD and P_n of WL-N for DH605 were 10, 19 and 12–24% higher, and for ZD958 were 12, 23 and 7–25% higher, compared to those of WL, respectively. Moreover, application of nitrapyrin effectually relieved waterlogging losses on antioxidative enzyme activities. Leaf superoxide dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) activities of WL-N were averagely increased by 24, 15 and 30%, respectively, while malondialdehyde(MDA) content was averagely decreased by 13%, compared to those of WL. Visibly, nitrapyrin application could improve leaf photosynthetic characteristics and retard leaf aging induced by waterlogging, thereby leading to a yield increase of waterlogged maize.     

Effect of fertilizer,N rate and nitrapyrin on Ca and Mg nutrition of corn (zea hays,L.)

Abstract

Corn was grown with three rates (200, 400, 800 rng N/pot) of sewage sludge (Milorganite), KNO₃, or (NH₄)₂SO. application in the presence (10 ppm) or absence of nitrapyrin, a nitrification inhibitor. Bleached areas appeared on the lower leaves of plants at the lowest application of sludge when nitrapyrin was added. No other visible symptoms were noted.

Five‐week‐old seedlings were harvested, weighed and analyzed for Ca and Mg. Nitrapyrin restricted dry weight production of plants receiving sludge and increased growth in those receiving KNO₃. Concentrations of Ca and Mg were reduced in all plants receiving nitrapyrin except in those grown at the lowest rates of sludge application.     

Growth and composition of cabbage as affected by nitrogen nutrition

Abstract

The effect of cultivar and rate of N application on nitrate accumulation in cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata, L.) was investigated in a field study. At harvest, significant differences in nitrate accumulation among cultivars occurred, with the greatest differences occurring at the highest rate of N applied, 450 kg N/ha. Two of three straight‐leaved varieties, Market Prize and Market Victor, accumulated more nitrate than three savoy‐leaved varieties, Savoy Ace, Savoy King, and Chieftain Savoy. The third straight‐leaved variety studied, Harris Resistant Danish, accumulated the least nitrate. Pattern of nitrate accumulation was closely correlated with date of maturity, with the earliest‐maturing variety, Market Victor, accumulating the highest levels of nitrate, and the latest‐maturing variety, Harris Resistant Danish, accumulating the least nitrate. For all six varieties, outer wrapper‐leaf samples showed higher nitrate levels than head samples.

In a second study, the effect of cultivar, N source, and nitrapyrin on yield and nutritional status of cabbage was studied under greenhouse conditions. The six cabbage cultivars showed no significant differences in nitrate accumulation after 65 days. The presence of 10 ppm of nitrapyrin, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine, resulted in a restriction in fresh and dry weight production in cabbage. No visual, foliar symptoms of nitrapyrin toxicity were evident. Calcium levels were reduced in the presence of nitrapyrin regardless of N source. Adding nitrapyrin had no sign:ficant effect on Mg concentration, and highest Mg levels occurred under ammonium nutrition. Potassium levels were increased in the presence of nitrapyrin when the soil was not supplemented with K, whereas differences in K content due to the inhibitor were insignificant when KNO₃ was supplied.     

The effect of nitrification inhibitors on the nitrous oxide (N2O) release from agricultural soils—a review

The use of nitrification inhibitors (NI) is a technique which is able to improve N fertilizer use efficiency, to reduce nitrate leaching and to decrease the emission of the climate‐relevant gas N₂O simultaneously, particularly in moderately fertilized agricultural systems adapted to plant N demand. The ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) is the first enzyme which is involved in the oxidation of NH$ _4^+ $ to NO$ _3^ - $ in soils. The inhibition of the AMO by NIs directly decreases the nitrification rate and it reduces the NO$ _3^- $ concentration which serves as substrate for denitrification. Hence, the two main pathways of N₂O production in soils are blocked or their source strength is at least decreased. Although it has been shown that archaea are also able to oxidize NH₃, results from literature suggest that the enzymatic activity of NH₃ oxidizing bacteria is the most important target for NIs because it was much stronger affected. The application of NIs to reduce N₂O emissions is most effective under conditions in which the NI remains close to the N ‐ fertilizer. This is the case when the NI was sprayed on mineral ‐ N fertilizer granules or thoroughly mixed with liquid fertilizers. Most serious problems of spatial separation of NI and substrate emerge on pasture soils, where N₂O hotspots occur under urine and to a lesser extent under manure patches. From the few studies on the effect of different NI quantities it seems that the amount of NI necessary to reduce N₂O emissions is below the recommendations for NI amounts in practice. NIs can improve the fertilizer value of liquid manure. For instance, the addition of NIs to slurry can increase N uptake and yield of crops when NO$ _3^ - $ ‐ N leaching losses are reduced. It has clearly been demonstrated that NIs added to cattle slurry are very effective in reducing N₂O as well as NO emissions after surface application and injection of slurry into grassland soils. In flooded rice systems NIs can reduce CH₄ emission significantly, whereas the effect on CO₂ emission is varying. On the other hand, as an effect of the delay of nitrification by NIs, NH₃ emission might increase when N fertilizers are not incorporated into the soil. As compared to other measures NIs have a high potential to reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils. Further, no other measure has so consistently been proofed according its efficiency to reduce N₂O emissions. From the published data [Akiyama et al. ( 2010 ) and more recent data from the years 2010–2013; 140 data sets in total] a reduction potential of approx. 35% seems realistic; however, further measurements in different management systems, particularly in regions with intense frost/thaw cycles seem necessary to confirm this reduction potential. These measurements generally should cover a whole annual cycle.     

硝化抑制剂阻控养殖肥液灌溉土壤氮素淋失

为考察硝化抑制剂伴施养殖肥液灌溉条件下土壤氮素的淋溶特征和阻控效果,采用土柱模拟淋溶试验,设置尿素溶液单施、养殖肥液单施、以及养殖肥液分别伴施双氰胺(DCD,5%、10%和15%)和氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin,0.25%、0.5%和1%)处理,连续监测了5个灌溉周期土壤淋溶液中铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、总氮(TN)和溶解性有机碳(DOC)淋失特征。养殖肥液单施比尿素溶液单施显著减少碳氮的淋失浓度和淋失量。养殖肥液伴施DCD和Nitrapyrin淋溶液中TN、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、DOC浓度分别比单施养殖肥液降低27.19%、35.69%、45.89%、53.69%和24.86%、30.87%、21.10%、64%,处理间均达到5%显著水平。从抑制效果及经济节约角度,推荐5%DCD伴施养殖肥液是优化的养分淋溶阻控模式。此外,发现养殖肥液连续饱和灌溉条件下土壤淋溶液硝态氮浓度与氧化还原电位间存在显著的相关性(R2=0.602 8*,n=34)。养殖肥液伴施硝化抑制剂是抑制养分淋失、提高养分利用效率和控制硝态氮淋溶污染的有效措施,但抑制剂的作用效果、抑制时间与施用方式之间的关系还需要进一步研究。     

氯甲基吡啶对滴灌棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,设置CK(不施氮肥)、Urea(尿素)和Urea+Nitrapyrin(尿素+氯甲基吡啶)3个处理,重复4次,分别于2012和2013年研究了尿素添加硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)对棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响。2年试验结果表明,尿素添加氯甲基吡啶随水滴施能增加棉株的生物量、吸氮量及产量,使植株地上部分的生物量和吸氮量较单施尿素分别提高4.1%~5.1%、4.3%~4.4%,皮棉产量提高4.1%~4.4%;其中,茎、叶、蕾花铃的生物量较单施尿素分别增加2.7%~4.5%、14.9%~16.2%和2.5%~3.9%,吸氮量则分别提高0.4%~1.1%、12.2%~16.3%以及2.9%~3.4%;氯甲基吡啶的添加能提高棉田氮肥利用率11.5%~12.5%。研究结果可为应用硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶促进滴灌农田氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。     

不同施氮措施对枸杞园土壤NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

为明确适宜氮肥用量配施硝化抑制剂对柴达木枸杞园土壤NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的影响,在柴达木地区枸杞园开展研究,共设置9个处理:N667、N534、N400、N267、N133、N0处理分别表示施用纯氮667、534、400、267、133、0 kg·hm^-2,N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理分别表示在N400、N267、N133处理基础上配施2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(nitrapyrin)2.00、1.33、0.67 kg·hm^-2,采用通气法和静态暗箱法采集NH₃和NO₂,连续流动分析仪和气相色谱仪测定气体含量。结果表明:NH₃挥发速率与累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,相同施氮量下配施硝化抑制剂对NH₃挥发无显著影响。N667处理2019年及2020年的NH₃挥发速率峰值分别为0.48 kg·hm^-2·d^-1和0.57 kg·hm^-2·d^-1,NH₃挥发累积量分别为34.49 kg·hm^-2和35.11 kg·hm^-2,显著高于其他处理。两年相同施氮量处理下配施与未配施硝化抑制剂处理的NH₃挥发累积量均无显著差异;N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理较农民习惯施氮(N667)处理显著降低了N₂O排放。2019年和2020年N667处理的N₂O累积排放量较N400处理分别增加了43.10%、16.11%,N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理的N₂O累积排放量较N400、N267、N133处理降低了28.52%~41.37%。2019年和2020年N400I2.00处理的产量较N667处理显著提高了9.26%及6.67%,且净收益提高了9.80%、7.10%。研究表明,与农民习惯施氮量相比,减施氮肥且配施硝化抑制剂可显著降低NH₃挥发和N₂O排放,同时可提高枸杞产量与经济效益。施氮量为400 kg·hm^-2且配施nitrapyrin 2.00 kg·hm^-2为柴达木高肥力枸杞园较优的施氮组合。