菌根生物技术应用现状与研究进展

论述了菌根的类型、功能及其在林业上的应用现状，并指出菌根生物技术研究进展与方向，为林业生产提供参考。     

弱光及干旱条件下AMF对切花月季光合和AsA-GSH循环的影响

旨在探究弱光及干旱条件下丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对切花月季光合、AsA-GSH循环以及渗透调节物质的影响。盆栽条件下设置100%全光照（L1）、50%全光照（L2）2个光照处理组,80%土壤持水量（W1）和40%土壤持水量（W2）2个水分处理组,接种AMF\[变形球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)+异形根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus irregularis)\]及不接种对照（CK）共8个处理。结果表明,AMF能够侵染切花月季根系,显著提高切花月季生长品质。弱光和/或干旱胁迫下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF能有效地促进切花月季叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）和水分利用效率（WUE）增加,降低细胞间隙CO₂浓度（C_i）;在L2W2处理条件下,与不接种对照相比,接种AMF使切花月季叶片中的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDAR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性分别提高5.2%、 15.4%、21.7%和35.9%;接种AMF的抗坏血酸（AsA）含量与对照处理无显著差异,还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量提高8.1%,GSH／GSSG比值增加7.9%;接种AMF后切花月季丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸（Pro）含量明显增加。结论认为AMF通过维持AsA/DHA和GSH/GSSG的稳定,提高AsA-GSH循环中相关酶活性,增加切花月季叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量而降低MDA含量来适应水分和光照的变化,形成适应光照和水分条件变化的生理生态对策来改善切花月季生长品质。     

菌根伴生真菌对外生菌根真菌生长及其中性蛋白酶活性的影响

【目的】筛选产中性蛋白酶活性较高的外生菌根真菌及最佳诱导底物。【方法】以酵母粉(对照)和4种菌根伴生真菌(Trichoderma harzianum HDTP-1、T.harzianum HDTP-3、Mucor hiemalis SA10-6 HDTP-4和M.hiemalis XSD-98 HDTP-5)灭活菌丝体为诱导底物,研究其对粘盖牛肝菌(Suillus bovines)、褐环粘盖牛肝菌(Suil-lus luteus)、褐黄牛肝菌(Boletus luridus)和铆钉菇(Gomphidius viscidus)4种外生菌根真菌生物量及其所产中性蛋白酶活性的影响。【结果】4种菌根伴生真菌均明显促进了褐环粘盖牛肝菌、粘盖牛肝菌和褐黄牛肝菌的生长,其中Mucorhiemalis SA10-6HDTP-4对褐环粘盖牛肝菌的促进效果极显著,而4种菌根伴生真菌对铆钉菇的生长均有不同程度的抑制,其中Trichoderma harzianum HDTP-3的抑制作用最强。4种菌根伴生真菌诱导的4种外生菌根真菌所产的中性蛋白酶活性,均以褐黄牛肝菌最高,铆钉菇最低;M.hiemalis XSD-98 HDTP-5诱导褐环粘盖牛肝菌所产中性蛋白酶活性最高,T.harzianum HDTP-3最低;M.hiemalis XSD-98 HDTP-5诱导粘盖牛肝菌所产中性蛋白酶活性极显著高于酵母粉和其他3种菌根伴生真菌,但其诱导褐黄牛肝菌和铆钉菇所产中性蛋白酶活性仅极显著高于其他3种菌根伴生真菌。【结论】4种菌根伴生真菌中,M.hiemalis XSD-98 HDTP-5是外生菌根真菌产中性蛋白酶的最佳诱导底物;而4种外生菌根真菌中,褐黄牛肝菌所产中性蛋白酶活性最高。     

马尾松共生菌根真菌调查研究

通过野外调查和室内鉴定,已查明与马尾松共生的菌根真菌27个种,其中有19个种是国内首次报道的。编制了马尾松菌根真菌名录(一)。马尾松隶属外生菌根树种,它可与多种菌根真菌共生形成典型的外生菌根的结构。     

Root colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal, fine endophytic and dark septate fungi across a pH gradient in acid beech forests

Colonisation by root endophytes can be beneficial to plants growing on acid, nutrient-poor soils. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can supply herbs with nutrients and may give protection against aluminium toxicity. Two other root colonising fungi, fine endophytes (FE) and dark septate fungi (DSE), are less well known but are potentially of benefit to their host plant. AM fungi are the most prevalent symbionts in herbs at neutral to acidic soil pH. At extremely low pH, fungal growth can be limited and AM colonisation is usually rare. Fine and dark septate endophytes, on the other hand, have been observed more often under these conditions. In order to relate endophyte colonisation to a gradient in soil pH, we investigated root colonisation by AM, FE and DSE in Maianthemum bifolium, Galium odoratum, Mercurialis perennis and Stellaria nemorum, from a range of acidic beech forests. With decreasing pH, colonisation by AM decreased, whereas the other two endophytes increased. AM and FE colonisation were inversely correlated in Maianthemum bifolium. We compared changes in root colonisation with those in chemical composition of soil and leaf samples and found a positive correlation between leaf magnesium concentrations and the presence of DSE in Galium odoratum. Aluminium concentration in Maianthemum bifolium tended to be lower when FE colonisation was high, suggesting a possible role for the fungi in plant protection against Al. We suggest that FE and DSE may replace AM fungi in herbaceous vegetation at extremely low pH, counteracting some of the negative effects of high soil acidity on plants.     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

Growth and interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils from limestone and acid rock habitats

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) development in different soil types, and the influence of AM fungal hyphae on their original soil were investigated. Plantago lanceolata, which can grow in soils of a very wide pH range, was grown in two closely related limestone soils and an acid soil from rock habitats. Plants were colonised by the indigenous AM fungal community. The use of compartmented systems allowed us to compare soil with and without mycorrhizal hyphae. Root colonisation of P. lanceolata was markedly higher in the limestone soils (30-60%) than in the acid soil (5-20%), both in the original habitat and in the experimental study. Growth of extraradical AM fungal hyphae was detected in the limestone soils, but not in the acid soil, using the signature fatty acid 16:1ω5 as biomass indicator. Analysis of signature fatty acids demonstrated an increased microbial biomass in the presence of AM fungal hyphae as judged for example from an increased amount of NLFA 16:0 with 30 nmol g⁻¹ in one of the limestone soils. Bacterial activity, but not soil phosphatase activity, was increased by around 25% in the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae in the first harvest of limestone soils. AM fungal hyphae can thus stimulate microorganisms. However, no effect of AM hyphae was observed on the soil pH or organic matter content in the limestone soils and the available P was not depleted.     

Inter‐specific variability in organic nitrogen uptake of three temperate grassland species

We tested the inter‐specific variability in the ability of three dominant grasses of temperate grasslands to take up organic nitrogen (N) in the form of amino acids in soils of differing fertility. Amino acid uptake was determined by injecting dual labeled glycine‐2‐¹³C‐¹⁵N into the soil, and then measuring the enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in plant tissue after 50 hours. We found enrichment of both ¹³C and ¹⁵N in root and shoot material of all species in both soils, providing first evidence for direct uptake of glycine. We show that there was considerable inter‐specific variability in amino acid uptake in the low fertility soil. Here, direct uptake of amino acid was greater in the grass Agrostis capillaris, which typically dominates low fertility grassland, than Lolium perenne, which inhabits more fertile sites. Direct uptake of amino acid for Holcus lanatus. was intermediate between the above two species. Unlike in the low fertility soil, there was no difference in uptake of either ¹³C or ¹⁵N by grasses in the high fertility soil, where uptake of mineral N is thought to be the major mechanism of N uptake of these grasses. Overall, our findings may contribute to our understanding of differences in competitive interactions between grasses in soils of different fertility status.     

Utilization of Sparingly Soluble Phosphate by Red Clover in Association with Glomus mosseae and Bacillus megaterium

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the mobilization of sparingly soluble inorganic and organic sources of phosphorus (P) by red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) whose roots were colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus mosseae and in association with the phosphate-solubilizing (PS) bacterium Bacillus megaterium ACCC10010. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and rock phosphate had a synergistic effect on the colonization of plant roots by the AM fungus. There was a positive interaction between the PS bacterium and the AM fungus in mobilization of rock phosphate, leading to improved plant P nutrition. In dual inoculation with the AM fungus and the PS bacterium, the main contribution to plant P nutrition was made by the AM fungus. Application of P to the low P soil increased phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly promoted by inoculation with either the PS bacterium or the AM fungus.     

混合接种Glomus与Pisolithus菌株对尾叶桉矿质营养吸收的影响

对混合接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苏格兰球菌霉和ＥＣＭ真菌彩色豆马勃影响尾叶桉苗期矿质营养元素吸收情况进行了研究。接种苗根真菌对苗木吸收Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和Ｂ产季了较大的影响,主要体现在促进苗木对上述营养元素的吸收和积累。