Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions.     

亚非夏季风及其降水的年代际变化

利用1948~2007年格点资料对亚洲和非洲地区夏季风与相应地区的降水量进行处理分析,研究了强弱亚非夏季风时期的降水及对应的大气环流形势（高度场、气压场、温度场、风场）。结果表明,亚非夏季风的强弱与亚非夏季降水具有良好的对应关系,亚非夏季风逐年减弱时,亚非地区降水量也逐年递减。     

近111年来东亚夏季风的变异及其与中国降水的关系

根据1899-2009年北半球月平均海平面气压场资料,计算近111年来东亚夏季风强度指数,分析了东亚夏季风的年代际及年际变化特征。结果表明,20世纪20年代东亚夏季风达最强,80年代中期以后东亚夏季风强度一直呈减弱趋势,其中21世纪初达最弱。Morlet小波分析发现,东亚夏季风年代际及年际变化中存在准10年和准2年显著性周期。我国东部降水的年际变化与东亚夏季风的强度变化密切相关,强（弱）东亚夏季风年份,长江中下游地区降水量比常年偏少（偏多）;而华北地区降水量比常年偏多（偏少）。东亚夏季风减弱是造成20世纪80年代中期以后华北地区干旱少雨,长江中下游地区洪涝多雨的一个重要原因。     

模拟氮沉降对季风常绿阔叶林凋落物碳氮组分的影响

【目的】探究季风常绿阔叶林凋落物对氮沉降增加的响应规律。【方法】设置4个氮添加水平:对照、低氮、中氮和高氮,其年添加氮量分别为0、35、70和105 kg·hm~(–2),分干、湿季收集凋落物样品,并进行碳、氮组分含量分析。【结果】随氮添加量的上升,凋落物总有机碳(TOC)和水溶性有机碳(WSOC)含量显著增加,且WSOC/TOC质量比具有上升趋势。氮添加未显著改变酸不溶组分碳(AIFC)含量以及AIFC/TOC质量比,但与对照比较均具有下降趋势。不同的氮添加处理均未显著改变凋落物总氮(TN)、水溶性氮(WSN)和酸不溶组分氮(AIFN)含量,以及WSN和AIFN占TN的比例。短期氮添加对凋落物C/N质量比和AIFC/AIFN质量比无显著影响,但显著增加干季的WSOC/WSN质量比。【结论】氮沉降促进了季风常绿阔叶林凋落物中可溶性有机碳的积累,这可能有利于可溶性有机物转入土壤中,从而影响生态系统中的养分循环。     

东亚夏季风年代际变化的波能影响特征

利用NCEP再分析资料,通过波包传播诊断的方法,分析了波包传播对东亚夏季风年代际强弱的影响,结果表明：在东亚夏季风表现出年代际强弱变化的同时,波包的传播也随之发生了一定的变化;波包在低层传播比较明显,越往高层越微弱;以850hPa研究层为对象,在20°N～50°N、70°E～120°E区域里,波包大值在20世纪80年代和90年代,由80°s传到赤道,强季风年代,波包大值由北太平洋中部传向东北太平洋北部,在弱季风年代,由东北太平洋北部传向北太平洋中部。在30°S～25。N、100°E～160°E区域里,波包大值在90年代由90°S传到30°S,从东太平洋传向西太平洋。在25。S～40°N、0°～60°E区域内．波包大值从大西洋传到太平洋中部,又从东太平洋传到太平洋中部。     

Lightning,precipitation and vegetation at landscape scale

Landscape Ecology - We investigated the question “Is there a relationship between seasonality in precipitation and vegetative cover in Pole Canyon, NM?” GIS and statistical methods were...     

Forest vegetation of Xishuangbanna, south China

1 Introduction The tropical area of southern China is climatically and biogeographically located at the northern edge of tropical Asia, including southeastern Xizang (Tibet, lower valleys of the southern Himalayas), southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan and Hainan Island. The largest tropical area still covered by forests is in southern Yunnan. Tropical forests of southern Yunnan were little known until the late 1950s because of poor access except for some brief descrip-…     

The change character of monsoon rainband over Heilongjiang Province for the past 40 years

Precipitation in Heilongjiang Province of China increased slightly from 1960 to 2000. Adopting the method proposed by Arthur N. Samel, we separated monsoon rainband rain and calculated the initial and final date of monsoon rainband of each year and each station, For the period of 1960-2000, the change of annual precipitation in Heilongjiang Province, with an increasing trend of 2.229 mm per decade, is not significant; the duration and total monsoon rain decreased significantly, with a decreasing trend of -6.9 day per decade and -17,5 mm per decade separately. That change comes from early leaving date of summer monsoon rainband for the period of 1960- 1975 and later arriving date of summer monsoon rainband for the period of 1990-2000, The weakening of summer monsoon makes ils contribution to the annual precipitation decreased significantly, with a decreasing trend of 4.4 % per decade.     

1766～1911年黄河中游汛期建立时间研究

利用清代奏报中保留的汛期涨水尺寸记录,近现代以来黄河中游水文站存在的水位信息器测数据,基于1766～1911年黄河中游万锦滩(位于今河南省三门峡市)水位志桩所载涨水时间,在"侯"尺度下建立了研究时段内三门峡断面的汛期开始时间。结果表明:1766～1911年,1840年代前中游汛期开始时间在平均水平;1840～1860年代汛期建立时间偏晚;1860～1890年代再次开始提前。在研究时段内黄河中游汛期开始时间平均为7月上旬,与同时期长江中下游梅雨结束时间有很好的对应关系,但年际差异较大,夏季风雨带推移成为导致中游汛期开始时间产生波动的主要驱动因素。     

华东地区水稻产量与东亚季风的相关分析

采用连续小波变换和交叉小波变换等方法,分析了1951～2006年华东地区水稻产量和同期东亚季风的时频变化特征,探讨了相对气象产量与东亚季风环流指数之间的相关关系.结果表明,华东地区水稻产量与东亚季风环流的变化均存在年际和年代际尺度的变化周期.气象产量与同期亚洲环流经向指数以正相关为主,14年两者的正相关程度最大,少数频率尺度上呈较弱的负相关,如准2、4、6年以及18年之后.气象产量与同期亚洲环流纬向指数在2～4、6～8、10～12年尺度的共振频率上表现为正相关关系,8～10年以及12年之后的尺度上两者表现为负相关,14年左右两者的负相关程度最大 东亚季风环流的变化导致区域气候变暖,进而引起的气象灾害频发以及区域气候资源的改变,是华东地区水稻产量波动的主要原因.