Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Effect of Integration of Fertilizer and Green Manure Nitrogen on Yield Attributes, Nitrogen Uptake and Yield of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, India, during the wet seasons of 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of full and partial substitution of fertiliser N with green manure N (Sesbania rostrata) on nitrogen uptake, yield attributes and yield of rice. The experiment consisted of eight treatments with two levels of N (100 and 200 kg ha⁻¹) and three sources of N application viz., fertilizer, integrated (1:1 fertilizer and green manure N) and green manure N compared to the recommended practice (150 kg fertilizer plus 6.25 t ha⁻¹ (72 kg N) green manure) and a no N control. Nitrogen application markedly increased the N uptake. Combined use of the two N sources at 200 and 222 kg N ha⁻¹ and of single fertilizer N at 200 kg N ha⁻¹ recorded the maximum N uptake, increased the yield attributes such as number of panicles per unit area, weight per panicle, number of total and filled grains per panicle and test weight. At 200 kg N ha⁻¹ full substitution of N by green manure reduced the grain yield but only partial substitution of N by green manure resulted in almost similar yield as single fertilizer N. Thus 200 kg N ha⁻¹ applied in equal proportions of fertilizer and green manure N can be recommended for medium duration rice cultivars.     

夏闲期种植不同绿肥作物对土壤养分及冬小麦产量的影响

为探明种植绿肥作物对关中土壤肥力及冬小麦产量的影响效果,在夏闲期种植光叶苕子（Vicia villosa Rothvar）、毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）、紫云英（Astragalus sinicus）和草木樨（Melilotus suaveolens Ledeb.）等四种绿肥作物,以免耕休闲为对照,分析了冬小麦主要生育时期的土壤速效养分动态变化及其产量效应。结果表明,夏闲期种植绿肥的土壤速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮都有不同程度的提高,增加量主要受绿肥的养分含量以及生物量影响。与对照相比,种植并翻压光叶苕子、毛叶苕子、紫云英和草木樨,均可显著提高冬小麦单位面积穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,冬小麦依次增产21.1%（P＜0.05）、24.3%（P＜0.05）、6.0%和11.6%。     

牛圈肥施用比例对烤烟性状及土壤养分的影响

研究了不同牛圈肥施用比例对烤烟产量质量和土壤养分的影响.结果表明,当牛圈肥中的氮量超过总施氮量的60%以后,烟株的生育期明显缩短,会明显阻碍烟株前期的生长;综合各经济性状,牛圈肥的施用比例应以牛圈肥氮占总施氮量的20%左右为宜;纯施化肥烟株对氮、磷、钾的吸收明显大于牛圈肥与化肥配合施用;施用牛圈肥有降低中部和下部烟叶烟碱和总氮舍量的趋势,而总糖、还原糖则有增加的趋势;施用牛圈肥可以增加烟叶的氯含量,从而改善烟叶油分;不同牛圈肥施用量对土壤中氮、磷、钾养分的含量影响很大,纯施化肥条件下土壤中碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾从团棵期开始至采收结束,基本处于下降趋势,而且下降幅度明显大于施用牛圈肥的土壤.     

牛粪和玉米秸秆混合好氧堆肥过程分层规律

好氧堆肥过程常存在分层现象,对于发酵产物的均一性和整体质量存在影响。为探究好氧堆肥物料病原菌灭活的分层情况,该研究以不翻抛（T1）为对照组,设置3组好氧堆肥试验（T2高温期翻抛、T3降温期翻抛、T4高温期和降温期翻抛）,对牛粪好氧堆肥过程中常规理化性质和病原菌去除效率等进行分析,并利用克里格法（KRIGING）对堆体不同位置的温度和含水率进行插值分析。结果表明,4个处理发酵温度均达到了《畜禽粪便堆肥技术规范》要求,高温期最长的处理为T3和T4,达到7 d,T4处理的病原菌去除率最高,达到97.15%;从分层规律来看,堆体含水率从高到低为上层、中层、下层;好氧堆肥物料病原菌去除效率顺序从高到低为中层、下层、上层,4个处理病原菌去除率均不低于95.56%。综合考虑,高温期和降温期翻抛（T4处理）更有利于牛粪和秸秆混合堆肥物料整体实现无害化。该研究可为牛粪好氧堆肥过程中病原菌杀灭和翻抛参数的优化提供技术指导。     

硫酸钾复合肥应用试验

西宁市郊粮油作物施用化肥成份单一,不注重钾肥的施入,使NPK比例失调,许多粮油作物造成倒伏减产,投入高、收益低,施用硫酸钾复合肥可减少其它肥料用量,降低成本取得良好的产量与经济效益。     

黑龙江省规模化养殖场的环境问题与对策

文章主要介绍黑龙江省规模化畜禽养殖场的污染状况,并针对黑龙江省粪污处理中存在的环境问题提出了几点建议,以期提高人们对粪污治理的重视,从而保护人类赖以生存的环境。     

不同施肥条件下不同作物对重金属土壤铜的修复效果及作用

为了研究植物对重金属Cu污染土壤的修复作用,采用盆栽试验,在不同的施肥条件下,对玉米、蓖麻、高粱、向日葵4种作物成熟期根、茎、叶、穗中Cu的富集量以及修复后土壤中重金属Cu的含量进行测定。结果表明,对于玉米、高粱、向日葵3种作物来说,最好的修复方式是施腐殖酸(F),而蓖麻最好的施肥方式是施菌肥(J);4种作物对重金属Cu富集量从高到低依次为:玉米>高粱>向日葵>蓖麻,相应地土壤中剩余的重金属Cu含量从高到低依次为:蓖麻>向日葵>高粱>玉米;4种作物修复重金属Cu污染土壤效果较好的处理为玉米(Cu+F)、高粱(Cu+F)、向日葵(Cu+F)、蓖麻(Cu+J)。     

牛粪有机肥发酵剂的筛选

设计5个菌种配伍的牛粪有机肥发酵剂(B1、B2、B3、B4、B5)和市售有机肥发酵剂(SS)分别对牛粪进行了发酵试验,对发酵温度、含水量、pH值的变化进行了监控,对所配制的发酵剂进行了活菌数、含水量及pH值的测定和部分发酵产物的质量(有机质、氮、磷、钾)测定及对油菜种籽的发芽率、生长进行了检测。结果表明:配方B5最好,发酵起温快,第2天达50益以上,发酵的第20天含水量降到50%以下,pH值在发酵的第15天降到6.5,发酵后的有机肥对油菜种籽的发芽率及生长量均最好,发芽率为100%,平均芽长7.79 mm,平均根长29.95 mm。此发酵剂的活菌总数为2.61×1010cfu/g,pH值和含水量分别为7.0、13.25%,均符合国家标准GB 20287-2006(活菌数≥2.00×109cfu/g,pH值5.5～8.5,含水量≤20%);发酵所形成的有机肥有机质含量82.17%,氮、磷、钾含量7.10%,pH值为6.5,均符合行业标准NY525-2012(有机质≥45%,氮、磷、钾≥5%,pH值5.5～8.5)。对新鲜牛粪的发酵在20 d之内完成,符合大多数有机肥生产者的要求。     

热解温度对畜禽粪便生物炭产率及理化特性的影响

以鸡粪、猪粪渣和牛粪为原料,采用室内密闭低氧制备生物炭,研究不同温度(350、450、550、650、750 ℃)下,畜禽粪便生物炭的产率和理化特性.结果表明,随着热解温度的升高,畜禽粪便生物炭灰分、pH、电导率、盐分、全P和全K含量逐渐增加,而炭化产率、挥发分含量、固定碳产率、全N含量逐渐降低,同时生物炭表面超微结构粗糙程度加剧.综合分析确定,获得高炭化产率和低氮损失的适宜热解温度为450 ℃,该温度下生物炭品质优劣依次为牛粪、猪粪渣、鸡粪.畜禽粪便生物炭具有较高pH和总养分含量,可作为酸性土壤调理剂和有机肥生产辅料.