Effect of Split Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Genotypes with Different N-Assimilation Potential

A field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen regimes to assess the growth and yield performance of wheat genotypes which differ in nitrate assimilation potential. Genotypic differences in biomass accumulation were observed at different growth stages. The nitrogen treatment had little effect on biomass accumulation at early stages of growth, while at later stages of growth there was enhanced biomass accumulation when N was applied in more than two splits. On an average, genotypes with high nitrate reductase activity (the 'HNR' genotypes) accumulated 14.2 % more biomass than the genotypes with low nitrate reductase activity ('LNR' genotypes) when an extra dose (40 kg N ha⁻¹) of nitrogen was given at the time of anthesis. The application of nitrogen in more than two splits increased grain yield of both 'HNR' and 'LNR' genotypes mainly by increasing grain weight per ear. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen (40 kg N ha⁻¹) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield of 'HNR' genotypes by 38.5 % as compared to 'LNR' genotypes.     

Analysis of Growth and Productivity of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) in Relation to FYM, Nitrogen and Source of Fertilizer

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Anand to study the effect of FYM, nitrogen and source of fertilizer on growth and yield of mustard [ Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj & Cosson]. The results showed significant variation in leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), dry matter production and seed yield. The direct effect of farmyard manure (FYM) was conspicuous in improving the growth of mustard. FYM application at 10 tonnes ha⁻¹ significantly increased the LAI, CGR and dry matter accumulation per plant at almost all the stages during first year study (1992–93) and in pooled analysis. Similarly, nitrogen application registered maximum LAI, CGR at 75 kg level and RGR and NAR at 50 kg level at almost all the during both years. Sulphur carrying source (Ammonium sulphate plus single super phosphate) increased all stages growth characters. Maximum dry matter accumulation per plant and seed yield were recorded with highest levels of FYM (20 tonnes ha⁻¹), N (75 kg ha⁻¹) and source having S. Seed yield was strongly associated with LAI and dry matter accumulation per plant at all the stages.     

Restoration of tuber production by exposure to unshaded daylight in Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi shaded during the early tuber formation period

The loss of final tuber weight of Eleocharis kuroguwai Ohwi by shading during the early tuber formation period (TFP) is overcome by exposure to unshaded daylight thereafter (late TFP). In the present study, the growth parameters that contribute to the dry matter increase (DMI) per day of tubers in the late TFP were examined. DMI of the tuber during the late TFP was determined by that of the whole plant and the ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during this period. The ratio of the DMI of the tuber to that of the whole plant during the late TFP was significantly correlated with the DMI of the whole plant during the first 14 days of the late TFP. During the late TFP after the exposure to unshaded daylight, DMI of the whole plant correlated with the surface area of the stem (SAS) and net assimilation ratio (NAR), and the SAS correlated with the stem dry weight (DW) and specific stem-surface area (SSA). SSA negatively influenced NAR, but NAR was increased by unshading. During the late TFP after shading, the effect of the decrease of the stem DW due to shading on the DMI of the whole plant was mitigated by the large SAS and high NAR. These results indicate that the growth parameters that contribute to the DMI of tuber during the late TFP after exposure to unshaded daylight are SAS and NAR just after unshading, and SSA during this period.     

多花黑麦草品种比较试验

通过对现行生产中常用的4个多花黑麦草品种在昆明地区的物候期、株高、草产量、生长率、净同化率等指标的规定表明,在生长初期,特高的生产性能比其余3个品种都好,但生长一段时间后,邦德的生产性能明显超过特高(P<0.05),抗锈王略高于特高(P>0.05),旺饲的生产性能最差(P<0.05)。因此,邦德是一个在生产中值得推广应用的品种。     

减氮配施有机肥对滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的影响

[目的]研究减氮条件下新疆滴灌小麦高产高效的调控途径,分析滴灌春小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆特性的调控效应,为新疆滴灌春小麦的高产优质栽培提供科学依据.[方法]设置不同减氮配施有机肥处理,采用裂区设计,氮素为主区,品种为副区;于2019年在田间滴灌条件下设置7种减氮配施有机肥水平(NCK、N5、N10、N15、N20、...     

Modulation of Uptake and Translocation of Iron and Copper from Root to Shoot in Common Bean by Siderophore-Producing Microorganisms

Microbes have developed high-affinity uptake mechanisms to assimilate iron (Fe) and other metals such as aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu). Siderophores, which are metal chelating compounds, and membrane receptor proteins are involved in these specialized mechanisms. A few siderophore-producing microorganisms associated with plant roots also influence the uptake of some metals. In this study, the potential microbial-assisted Cu and Fe uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) plants was evaluated. Seedlings of cultivated common bean varieties Bayo-INIFAP (B) and Negro-150 (N) and wild types yellowish (WY) and black (WB) were developed in the presence of a Cu and Fe solution and associated with the siderophore-producing microorganisms R. leguminosarumbv. Phaseoli (strains 19, 44, and 46); Pseudomonas fluorescens(strain Avm), and Azospirillum brasilense (strain 154). Seedlings of cultivated variety N and black wild type WB inoculated with the strain CPMex.44 accumulated 71% and 30% more Fe than the un-inoculated plants, respectively; however, the wild black bean accumulated the highest absolute amount of Fe (221.56 mg/kg of dry matter) as compared with the cultivated black variety N (126.16 mg/kg of dry matter) (P < 0.05). In the wild type WY seedlings, the highest Fe accumulation was observed when the seeds were inoculated with the Pseudomonas strain Avm (206 mg/kg of dry matter) (P < 0.05). The interaction of Pseudomonas strain Avm with seedlings of the cultivated B variety and the wild type WB promoted the highest accumulation of Cu (51 and 54 mg/kg of dry matter, respectively), 7 and 14 mg more than in the respective non-inoculated seedlings. No promotion of Fe accumulation was observed in the seedlings of the cultivated B variety and in roots; instead, less Fe was accumulated. The wild type WY did not show any improvement in Cu accumulation. In this study, Rhizobiumstrains promoted Fe but not Cu uptake in P. vulgaris seedlings while Pseudomonas strains promoted the uptake of both Cu and Fe.     

Silicon effects on aluminum toxicity to mungbean seedling growth

The effects of silicon (Si) on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to mungbean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) seedlings were studied in a growth chamber. Mungbean seedlings were grown in a nutrient solution with combinations of three concentrations of Si (0,1, and 10 mM) and three concentrations of Al (0, 2, and 5 mM) in randomized completely block design experiments for 16 days. Silicon at 1 mM in the solution decreased root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content, and showed no significant effect on epicotyl length and seedling height, and protein contents of shoots or roots in mungbean seedling under no Al stress. But, Si at 10 mM showed marked toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth and increased protein contents of the shoots or roots. In contrast, under 2 mM Al stress, Si addition at 1 mM had significant increasing effect on root length, fresh and dry weights, and chlorophyll content. It also had decreasing effect on protein contents of the shoots or roots, and had no effect on epicotyl length and seedling height. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed no effect on morphological and physiological measurements of mungbean seedling. However, Si at 1 mM added to solution only increased seedling height, epicotyl length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content, but decreased dry weight and protein content of the roots under 5 mM Al stress, significantly. Silicon addition at 10 mM showed similar toxic effects on mungbean seedling growth under 5 mM Al stress to that under no Al stress.     

基于4D-VAR和条件植被温度指数的冬小麦单产估测

条件植被温度指数(VTCI)综合了地表主要参数——归一化植被指数(NDVI)和地表温度(LST),能够较为准确地对干旱进行监测,可为抗旱救灾、作物估产等提供科学依据。为了提高VTCI的区域估产精度,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,将遥感反演的VTCI与CERES-Wheat小麦生长模型模拟的土壤浅层含水率相结合,通过四维变分(4D-VAR)同化算法实现2008—2014年冬小麦主要生育期旬尺度VTCI的同化。将同化和未同化的VTCI分别运用改进的层次分析法、熵值法及两者组合赋权法建立冬小麦单产估测模型,选择最优估测模型对2011年关中平原各县(区)进行单产估测和精度评价,并分析2008—2014年关中平原冬小麦单产的时空分布特征,结果表明:无论是在单点尺度还是区域尺度,同化的VTCI均能更好地响应外部观测数据,区域VTCI纹理性更好,更符合VTCI的先验知识。与未同化VTCI构建的估测模型相比,应用同化的VTCI所建的估测模型的估测精度明显提高,相关系数达到0.784(P0.001)。应用最优估测模型对2011年关中平原29个县(区)估产结果中,有16个县(区)的估测单产相对误差小于10%,28个县(区)的估测单产相对误差小于15%,总体平均相对误差为8.68%,均方根误差为421.9 kg/hm~2。近年来关中平原的冬小麦单产呈现个别年份波动、总体增长的年际变化规律,且呈现出中部单产最高、西部次之、东部最低的空间分布特征,与实际情况符合。     

基于四维变分和集合卡尔曼滤波同化方法的冬小麦单产估测

为了通过数据同化方法提高冬小麦的估产精度,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,采用标定的CERES-Wheat模型模拟8个典型样点冬小麦整个生育期的叶面积指数(LAI),通过四维变分(4DVAR)和集合卡尔曼滤波(En KF)2种同化算法同化CERES-Wheat模型模拟的LAI和遥感数据反演的LAI,获得单点尺度的LAI同化数据,将单点尺度的LAI同化值扩展到区域尺度,对两种同化方法的单点尺度和区域尺度的同化结果进行对比与分析。结果表明,两种同化方法均能综合遥感反演LAI和模型模拟LAI的优势,使LAI同化值更符合冬小麦LAI的实际变化规律;在单点尺度和区域尺度上,En KF-LAI均更能反映关中平原冬小麦的实际生长状况。采用En KF-LAI构建关中平原冬小麦估产模型估测2008年和2014年的冬小麦单产,通过实测单产对估产模型进行验证,结果表明,2008年样点估测单产与实测单产的相对误差均小于15%,部分县估测单产与实测单产的相对误差均小于10%;与2014年模拟单产与实测单产间的相对误差相比,估测单产与实测单产间的相对误差降低0.57%~9.30%,RMSE降低217 kg/hm2,其中,8个样点的估产精度达到94%以上,表明组合估产模型的估产精度较高。     

引入科研前沿对植物生理学教学方法的改进和效果分析

大学生普遍存在科研创新意识差、缺乏科研热情的现象.补充相关科研进展,将科研前沿引进课堂成为一种趋势,笔者对植物生理学光合作用这一章关于补充光合碳同化科研进展与否的教学实践结果进行对比分析,采用调查问卷的形式,围绕已讲授和未讲授光合碳同化适应性进化这一科研前沿进行调查,旨在实现学生对光合碳同化途径多元化发展进化的理解和深化,启发学生对固有知识的质疑和求解热情,达到提升科研兴趣和创新能力,实现精品课程培养满足国家和地方发展需要的高素质人才的目的.