Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF DIFFUSE HEPATOCELLULAR DISORDERS IN DAIRY CATTLE

Ultrasonography of the liver was performed in 200 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle using a 3.5 MHz transducer with a linear array electronic scanner. Liver samples were taken, processed and examined microscopically and the fat occupying rate was calculated. The hepatic ultrasonograms were evaluated according to the presence of bright pattern, dark pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges. Of the 200 animals, 96 had a normal liver, 63 had hydropic degeneration of the liver, 37 had fatty infiltration of the liver, 3 had liver dystrophy and I had hepatic amyloidosis, diagnosed through histopathological examination. Amyloidosis was characterized by bright pattern and blurring of edges. Liver dystrophy had higher percentages of bright pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Hydropic degeneration had higher percentages of dark pattern and blurring of edges than normal liver. Fatty infiltration had higher percentages of bright pattern, deep attenuation, vascular blurring and blurring of edges than normal liver. The present results suggest that different ultrasonographic patterns can be observed in various diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle     

磷石膏改良剂对土壤水分扩散率的影响

以靖远(A)、瓜州(B)、金昌(C)和新疆(D)4个区域盐渍化土壤为对象,采用水平土柱入渗法,探讨磷石膏盐碱土改良剂不同用量(0、6 000、12 000 kg·hm~(-2))对湿润峰移动平均速率和土壤水分扩散率的影响。结果表明:不同用量磷石膏盐碱土改良剂对4种盐渍化土壤水分扩散率影响不同。对于A、B、D 3个区域盐渍化土壤,改良剂用量为6 000 kg·hm~(-2)以下时,对土壤水分传输潜在能力有促进作用;当改良剂用量超过6 000 kg·hm~(-2)时,改良剂对土壤水分传输潜在能力有抑制作用。而对于C区域盐渍化土壤,随着改良剂用量的增加,对水分传输潜在能力有明显的促进作用,这说明改良剂对C区域盐渍化土壤作用效果明显。     

间歇供水条件下点源入渗规律研究

对间歇供水和连续供水方式下的杨凌粘壤土点源入渗进行了室内对比研究。结果表明:间歇供水地表点源入渗水平和竖直方向的最大入渗距离与入渗时间存在显著的幂函数关系;在灌水定额相同的条件下,大滴头流量(4L/h)间歇滴灌与小滴头流量(2L/h)连续滴灌相比较,间歇供水能有效增加水平湿润距离,同时垂向入渗距离降低15%;对应于同一灌水量,采用30min、60min和120min等3种间歇周期对点源入渗的水平和垂向入渗距离无明显影响。     

黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应

在陕北米脂试验站设置了野外10 m地下大型土柱,分别利用BLJW-4小型综合气象观测站、CS650-CR1000自动监测系统对降雨状况和土壤水分状况进行长期连续定位观测,分析黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区降雨可以划分为3种类型:快速蒸发型降雨(P≤13 mm)、缓慢蒸发型降雨(13 mmP26 mm)、入渗主导型降雨(P≥26 mm)。其中快速蒸发型降雨、缓慢蒸发型降雨在裸露地表情况下仅能引发浅层土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(rapid)≤30 cm, 30 cmZ_(slow)60 cm),不能对深层干化土壤形成有效的水分补给;而入渗主导型降雨则能够引发深层干化土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(infiltration)≥60 cm),能够促进干化土壤得到水分修复。(2)0～90 cm土层为降雨入渗、蒸发循环层,该深度范围土壤受降雨、蒸发作用影响强烈,土壤水分呈现频繁增、减波动;90 cm以下土层为降雨入渗主导层,该深度范围内土壤不再受蒸发作用影响,土壤水分呈增加趋势。(3)入渗主导型降雨年最大入渗深度在140～160 cm,雨后上层土壤水在蒸发作用下69～435 h恢复至雨前水平。裸露地表状况下,多年累积降雨能够促进深层干化土壤产生入渗响应,2014—2019年干化土壤对于自然降雨的入渗响应深度依次为180、220、400、700、900 cm及1 000 cm。     

毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条林土壤渗透性研究

为了探讨不同林龄人工柠条林对土壤渗透性能的影响,以天然草地为对照,以土壤初渗速率,稳渗速率,平均渗透速率和渗透总量表征土壤渗透性,运用主成分分析及散点聚类法对毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条(Caragana korshinkii)林地土壤渗透性进行了研究。结果表明:不同林龄人工柠条林地土壤渗透性能大小依次为:15a>24a>36a>天然草地(CK)。即随着人工柠条林林龄的增加,其土壤渗透性能力逐渐减弱,对照天然草地的土壤渗透能力最小。不同林龄人工柠条林地土壤入渗过程回归模拟结果表明:土壤水分入渗过程符合Kostiakov模型,相关系数在0.8003～0.9535之间,且F检验均达到极显著水平。Kostiakov模型是比较适用于干旱、半干旱区的人工柠条林地土壤入渗特征的模型。。     

灌水定额对波涌灌溉土壤间歇入渗特性的影响

通过肥液(KNO3溶液)室内入渗试验,模拟研究了地下水位埋深150 cm条件下灌水定额对波涌灌溉土壤间歇入渗特性的影响.结果表明,在试验条件下平均入渗速度随灌水定额的增加而减小;灌水定额越大平均周期减渗率越大;土壤含水率增幅随灌水定额的增加而增大;灌水定额越大,土壤水分向下运移越深,进入地下水中的水量越多,越容易造成地下水污染和水资源浪费.     

毛乌素沙地南缘沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素

水分入渗是土壤水分循环的重要环节。为探明毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖沙区水分入渗特征及其影响因素,采用双环法测定不同类型地表(裸沙、浅灰色藻类结皮、黑褐色藻类结皮和藓类结皮,依次用BS、LC、DC和MC表示)水分入渗速率及其土壤理化性质。结果表明:1与BS相比,LC、DC和MC样地初始入渗率分别减少了37.7%、59.2%和73.6%,稳定前平均入渗率分别减少了37.5%、62.2%和81.3%,稳定入渗率分别减少了13.6%、67.4%和78.9%,累计入渗量分别减少了25.8%、61.3%和78.6%。2不同类型地表达到稳定入渗所需的时间在3~8 min;相关性分析结果显示,水分入渗速率与砂粒和土壤容重呈正相关关系,与粉粒、黏粒、结皮厚度、结皮抗剪强度、结皮层容重和有机碳含量呈负相关关系。3主成分分析结果表明,黏粒、结皮抗剪强度和土壤容重是影响该地区水分入渗速率的主要因子。因此,生物结皮在沙丘表面的形成和发育过程中,通过改变土壤的理化性质,减缓了该地区水分入渗速率,增加了降水的径流流失风险。     

遗传算法优化神经网络的坡面入渗产流模型

引入遗传算法优化BP神经网络权重和阈值的方法建立黄土坡面产流入渗模型.模型以雨强、降雨历时、表层40 cm土壤前期含水量、坡度值为输入项,径流量、入渗量为输出项,用实测资料对网络进行模拟和预测.模拟结果平均误差6.32%和1.93%,预测结果平均误差为5.71%和1.92%.并与传统BP神经网络模型和定雨强Philip...     

不同耕作方式对黄土高原旱地麦田土壤物理性状的影响

通过冬小麦田间试验,研究了免耕、深松、翻耕三种不同耕作措施对土壤物理特性的影响.结果表明:冬小麦收获时,免耕与其它处理相比,增大了土壤容重、土壤硬度,其土壤干筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加3%和5%,但较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降5%;免耕条件下,湿筛法＞0.25 mm团聚体含量比深松和翻耕每层平均增加11%和32%,较冬小麦耕作处理前每层平均下降42%;免耕可增加土壤蓄水量,收获期土壤蓄水量为373.1 mm,较深松和翻耕提高17%和8%;随着降水量的增加,冬小麦收获期水分入渗速率逐渐减少;且不同耕作方式水分入渗速率为免耕>深松>翻耕.