稻草和氮肥对水田土壤无机氮固定矿化动态和水稻生长的影响

１９９１～１９９２年通过室内试验和室外盆栽试验对水田土壤施用稻草和氮肥后对土壤无机氮（ＮＨ４－Ｎ＋ＮＯ３－Ｎ）固定－矿化动态、水稻生长发育和产量的影响进行了研究。试验结果表明，施用稻草后，无论是否配施氮肥，在１个月内未观察到土壤氮素的纯矿化现象，施用稻草１０天左右对土壤无机氮的固定率达最大值，以后则逐渐减少。种稻条件下，水稻分蘖期后施稻草处理土壤无机氮含量高于单施氮肥处理，并一直保持到水稻收获；稻草还田提高了水稻植株吸氮总量，并提高了稻谷产量和生物转化率。     

Soil Inorganic Nitrogen with Incubation of Rye Cover Crop Biomass

A soil incubation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop (CC) biomass and fertilizer nitrogen (N) addition on soil inorganic-N. Rye aboveground biomass was collected following corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and incubated at equivalent field temperatures for 105 d at rates of 1120, 2240, and 3360 kg dry matter (DM) ha^?1. Despite N addition from the rye biomass at any rate, there was no real effect on ammonium (NH₄)-N, and only from 63 d to 105 d a limited net increase in nitrate (NO₃)-N and inorganic-N was observed compared to no-rye. Nitrate-N and inorganic-N concentrations change per heat unit (HU) accumulation was negative with rye addition through 7 d, but was positive consistently across the remaining incubation period with or without rye. Overall, the rye CC biomass had only a neutral to small positive effect on soil inorganic-N.     

Comparison of N Mineralization Rate and Pattern in Different Manure- and Sewage Sludge-Amended Calcareous Soil

A 12-week incubation experiment was conducted to determine the pattern and rate of N mineralized from organic materials. Treatments consisted of sheep manure (SM), cattle manure (CM), poultry manure (PM), sewage sludge (SS) at 1% (W/W) level, and unfertilized treatment with three replications. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃)- nitrogen (N) and ammonium (NH₄)-N were determined in day 1 and 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the beginning of incubation. Results indicated that the magnitude of N mineralized during the incubation time periods was in the order of CM (134 mg kg^?1) > PM (83 mg kg^?1) > SS (56 mg kg^?1) > SM (55 mg kg^?1), and different management is required for obtaining optimum N-use efficiency. In conclusion, improving N-uptake efficiency in manure- and SS-amended soils depends on the pattern and rate of N mineralization to synchronize N released with crop N demand periods.