Social, economic and cultural perspectives of European inland fisheries: review of the EIFAC symposium on fisheries and society

The contributions presented at the EIFAC Symposium on Fisheries and Society in 2000 are reviewed. There have been considerable advances in many sectors of inland fisheries over the past decade. Nowadays the value of inland fisheries to society is generally better understood and increasingly recognized. However, it was recognized that the allocation of fishery resources and their management could still be made more effective through more extensive application of the recent approaches and techniques discussed during the Symposium and reviewed in the paper.     

Inland commercial fisheries management in France

The French fisheries management regime is based on public and private ownership of fishing waters associated with a complex multilevel management system. A total of 730 operational commercial inland fisheries were examined by analysis of thematic interviews and questionnaires. Commercial fishermen are beginning to understand the nature of their own activity and its relationship to the concept of sustainable management. Nevertheless, fishermen have to face two major problems: first, they are poorly represented on decision making bodies where anglers are dominant, and secondly their activities are governed by two separate ministries. Opportunities for future development may lie in decision making at the catchment level.     

干热河谷印楝树干液流密度动态变化特征研究

采用TDP技术对金沙江干热河谷元谋段主要造林树种印楝的树干液流密度动态变化进行了观测,得到3点主要结论:①无论干热季节或湿润季节,印楝树干液流密度昼夜变化的规律性较强,呈明显的单峰曲线;②由干热季节转向湿润季节时,印楝树干液流密度呈下降趋势,5年生印楝在5月、7月及10月的典型晴天里的树干液流密度日变化平均值分别为12.11、7.48及6.90cm3·cm-2·h-1;③在干热季节里印楝蒸腾耗水具有相当的被动性,而在湿润季节时其蒸腾耗水则表现出主动性和平氨性,反映了印楝在不同季节里的耗水机制差异.     

内陆河水资源合理利用的优化分配方法

依据内陆河流域不同区域在水资源条件、气候条件、经济发展水平及水资源利用途径等方面的差异性，以及时序上水资源的利用规律，提出了旨在合理利用水资源，改善生态环境的水资源优化分配方法。通过在黑河流域的实例应用，论证了该方法的有效性。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊形成的机理分析

依据实际调查资料并结合前人研究成果,在探明区域水文地质条件的基础上,系统计算分析了沙漠区及外围盆地地下水的补给与排泄,发现沙漠区地下水补给量小于排泄量2.55×108 m3/a,不能解释内陆湖泊水量长久不衰的原因;而位于沙漠区西缘的黑河金塔-鼎新盆地地下水补给量大于排泄量2.66×108 m3/a,未见盆地内地下水位大幅度上升,多余的水量不知去向;与沙漠区衔接的其它盆地地下水资源匮乏且处于补排基本平衡的状态,根本无途径和多余的水量补给沙漠区.前人研究结果证实,横贯我国西北-东西的阿尔金大断裂的东延部分及其所形成的羽翼状断层带存在地表破碎带,且地势西高东低并具有良好的导水性,而这个地表破碎带通过了金塔-鼎新盆地和巴丹吉林沙漠,正好位于沙漠内陆湖泊群附近.而湖泊群一带存在大量钙华和钙质胶结层及湖水中3He/4He的比值,均表明湖泊水经过了深部地壳层的循环,加上黑河正义峡-哨马营段河水海拔高于湖泊群的佐证,认为黑河在金塔-鼎新盆地强烈渗漏所产生的地下水顺着阿尔金断裂自西向东源源不断地补给了巴丹吉林沙漠,经过目前还不为人知的深部循环方式,地下水在湖泊群地表破碎带向上运移形成上升泉,最终成为巴丹吉林内陆沙漠湖泊群水源的补给来源.     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

河西内陆区十二五农业节水途径及节水潜力分析

河西内陆区气候干旱,水资源短缺,经济、社会、生态系统用水矛盾突出。随着人口的持续增长和社会经济的快速发展,经济生态系统之间的用水矛盾日益尖锐,黑河、石羊河、疏勒河下游均相继出现了土地沙化、农田荒芜、植被枯萎、湿地萎缩等严重的生态环境问题。结合“十二五”农业节水规划,分析了不同农业节水措施和水平对生态系统的作用和支撑能力,对制定生态系统建设规划具有重要参考作用。     

河西内陆区水安全及保障体系

通过对水安全概念的描述,分析了河西内陆区水资源的利用及其安全现状,同时针对河西内陆区的具体概况,提出了内陆区水资源安全的区域经济发展模式、生态环境建设模式、水安全的水资源利用措施和水安全保障措施。     

Environmental changes in man‐made coastal dune pools since 1850 as indicated by sedimentary and epiphytic diatom assemblages (Belgium)

• 1. Diatom assemblages of man‐made coastal dune wetlands between Blankenberge and Heist (Belgium), dating from 1852 to 1929 and sampled from herbarium specimens of macrophytes, were compared with more recent samples collected in the remaining calcareous dune marshes and pools in this area.
• 2. Overall, nutrient conditions inferred from the reference assemblages were fairly eutrophic for phosphorus. Only a minority of the historical assemblages pointed to presumably nitrogen‐limited conditions.
• 3. Significant alterations in general assemblage composition were observed, including a marked decline of epiphytic species, and a decrease in the compositional variation in sediment diatom assemblages. These changes can be attributed mainly to an increased availability of nutrients and degradable organic matter since the mid 1970s. No changes in the salinity range seem to have occurred, suggesting fairly stable hydrological conditions.
• 4. Possible causes for eutrophication include increased atmospheric deposition of nutrients, but also more site‐related phenomena such as guanotrophication, angling and, perhaps, effects of nature management on soil–nutrient cycling. Their relative importance needs to be established and further monitoring is necessary.
• 5. Measures are required to reduce nutrient levels of both permanently and periodically inundated sites and to promote small‐scale habitat differentiation. Due to physical constraints, the latter will be possible only by mimicking the processes that act upon more natural dune systems in management practice.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of inland aquaculture in arid climates: water utilization strategies applied in Israel

Israel has a temperate climate with marked differences between the northern and southern regions. Rainfall ranges between 250 and 600 mm year⁻¹ in the former and between only 25 and 200 mm year⁻¹ in the latter. During the last 30 years, water consumption has increased markedly in all sectors. Although a water allocation for inland aquaculture is made, in most cases it is given the lowest priority, and aquaculturists have learned to contend with difficulties, and thrive on brackish water sources not fit for human consumption or agricultural crops. Since most water sources are already fully exploited, further development of all sectors will depend on their respective capacity to use recycled city water, desalinated brackish or sea water, or recycled pond water. In this respect, inland aquaculture is handicapped by public prejudices which will not allow the use of water from the first source and farms are still not able to cope with the cost of the second. Therefore, further development of inland aquaculture will depend on the capacity of farmers to use sea water, and to recycle pond water time and again to produce more fish with less (inland) water. Various strategies have already been developed in Israel and new ones are under study. These include water harvesting in dual-purpose reservoirs, recycling of pond water from one year to another, development of intensive flow-through systems based on recycled pond water and colleagues based on biofiltration.