Differences in manganese efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and raya (Brassica juncea L.) as related to root‐shoot relations and manganese influx

Manganese efficiency is a term used to describe the ability of plants to obtain higher relative yields at low Mn supply compared to other species. To evaluate Mn efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and raya (Brassica juncea L.), a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted using Mn deficient Typic Ustochrept loamy sand soil, treated with 0, 50, and 100 mg Mn (kg soil)^–1. In the no‐Mn treatment, wheat had produced only 30 % of its maximum dry matter yield (DMY) with a shoot concentration of 10.8 mg Mn (kg DM)^–1 after 51 days of growth, while raya had produced 65 % of its maximum DMY with 13.0 mg Mn (kg DM)^–1. Taking relative shoot yield as a measure of Mn efficiency, raya was more efficient than wheat. Both crops produced the maximum DMY with 50 mg Mn (kg soil)^–1. Even though raya had a lower root length : DMY ratio and a higher shoot growth rate, it acquired higher Mn concentrations in the shoot than wheat under similar soil conditions, because of a 2.5 times higher Mn influx. Model calculations were used to calculate the difference of Mn solution concentration (ΔC_L) between the bulk soil (C_Li) and the root surface (C_L0) that is needed to drive the flux by diffusion equal to the measured influx. The results showed that ΔC_L was smaller than C_Li, which indicates that chemical mobilization of Mn was not needed to explain the observed Mn uptake even for raya. According to these calculations, the higher Mn influx of raya was caused by more efficient uptake kinetics, allowing for a 4.5 times higher Mn influx at the same Mn concentration at the root surface.     

花生生长素输入载体基因PNAUX1的克隆及表达模式分析

生长素作为重要的植物激素,在调节植物生长发育中起重要作用。其所具有的极性运输特性,主要通过运输载体进行调控。本研究从花生未成熟种子cDNA文库中筛选到一个可能的生长素输入载体AUX/LAX类基因,命名为PNAUX1,通过RT-PCR对其表达模式分析显示,该基因在花生各组织中为组成型表达;同时,将PCR扩增获得的目的片段与植物双元表达载体pCAMBIA1301连接,构建了正义和反义载体转化DR5∷GUS拟南芥,并获得转基因植株。     

高等植物对钠离子的吸收、运输和累积

综述了植物对钠离子吸收、运输和累积等方面的最新研究进展。植物根系吸收钠离子的途径可能有三条,包括2条跨膜途径(钙敏感和非钙敏感两部分)和支流途径等。根系对钠离子的吸收可能是被动的,但排泄是主动的。木质部的装载可能是主动的,也可能是被动的。木质部的卸载过程还不清楚,可能是通过非选择性阳离子通道,或K /Na ,Na /H 反向运输体完成。Na 在植物体内运输需要特殊部位特殊细胞类型以协同方式运作。为了减少Na 通过木质部的质外体部分向地上部输送,根系靠外的部分细胞要减少流入,而内层细胞应该加大流入。我们需要了解更多的特殊细胞运输过程,和特殊细胞的载体及信号操作过程的知识。     

菠萝生长素极性运输载体基因AcPINs和AcAUXs的分离与表达分析

乙烯已经被广泛应用于菠萝人工催花,但其分子机制不是很清楚。以菠萝(Ananas comosus L.‘Perola’)茎尖为材料,采用RT-PCR结合RACE方法得到3个生长素极性运输输出载体基因(Ac PIN1、Ac PIN2和Ac PIN3)和2个生长素极性运输输入载体基因(Ac AUX1和Ac AUX2)的c DNA及基因组DNA全长。Ac PIN1、Ac PIN2、Ac PIN3、Ac AUX1和Ac AUX2的c DNA全长分别为2 690、2 388、2 057、2 156和1 580 bp,其开放读码框长度分别为1 854、1 917、1 530、1 479和1 392 bp,分别编码617、638、509、492和463个氨基酸;其基因组DNA全长分别为3 602、3 208、4 204、5 457和2 436 bp,从起始密码子到终止密码子的长度分别为3 244、2 780、3 947、5 264和2 321 bp。氨基酸序列多重比对及系统发育树结果显示Ac PINs和Ac AUXs分别属于植物PINs和AUX/LAXs家族。荧光定量PCR结果表明,菠萝茎尖经200和1 200 mg·L-1乙烯利诱导处理后,Ac PINs的表达上调较多,其中Ac PIN2在处理后的早期(1~2 d)和后期(28~37 d)显著上调,另外两个PIN家族基因Ac PIN1和Ac PIN3在处理后的大部分时间都明显提高。Ac AUX1的上调表达量相对较少,且相对表达量显著提高也主要集中在处理初期(1 d)和后期(28~37 d),而Ac AUX2的上调表达则只在处理后的前期(1、2、9 d)。研究结果表明,乙烯利诱导菠萝成花过程中,存在着生长素极性运输,且生长素极性输出在此过程中的作用可能更重要。     

Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments

Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO₃⁻) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO₃-N (300 μg g dw⁻¹) alone, and with NO₃-N and sulfide (H₂S) (100 and 200 μg g dw⁻¹). Nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrite (NO₂⁻), NO₃⁻, ammonium (NH₄⁺), SO₄²⁻ and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H₂S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C₂H₂) addition in microcosms with added H₂S. With no added H₂S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H₂S concentrations generally increased NO₃-N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N₂O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N₂O to N₂ in the absence of C₂H₂, anomalously high transient NO₂-N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH₄-N formation generally decreased due to H₂S addition at the freshwater sites; NH₄-N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H₂S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO₄²⁻-containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH₄⁺ in these coastal freshwater sediments.     

Photosynthesis, symbiotic N and C accumulation in leaves of 30 nodulated cowpea genotypes grown in the field at Wa in the Guinea savanna of Ghana

Cowpea is a major food legume in Africa with relatively little information on N and C nutrition under field conditions in the continent. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between leaf symbiotic N nutrition and photosynthetic carbon assimilation in cowpea genotypes grown under field conditions in the Guinea savanna of Ghana. The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design in Ghana, using 30 nodulated cowpea genotypes. Data collected from gas-exchange studies showed that genotypes with high photosynthetic rates expectedly exhibited greater stomatal conductance, high transpiration rates and increased water-use efficiency, leading to greater dry matter yield. In contrast, those with low photosynthetic rates revealed low stomatal conductance, low transpiration rates and low water-use efficiency. Quantification of symbiotic N in photosynthetic leaves indicated greater N₂ fixation in genotypes with higher photosynthetic rates, leaf transpiration and better water-use efficiency. Furthermore, measurement of C in leaves also indicated greater accumulation in genotypes with higher symbiotic N yield and total N, clearly indicating a link between C and N metabolism in photosynthetic leaves. Additionally, measures of photosynthetic N-use efficiency showed that genotypes with high levels of C-fixed per unit leaf total N also exhibited greater C-fixed per unit leaf N-fixed. Data suggest that where symbiotic legumes derive a large proportion of their N from N₂ fixation, photosynthetic C yield is much enhanced.     

Influence of nitrogen forms and levels on the growth and nutrition of cacao

Ammonium and nitrate are the major forms of nitrogen (N) present in tropical soils. An experiment was conducted to assess the influence of nitrate and ammonium forms (NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, and mix of NO₃^? + NH₄⁺), and levels (1.5–12.0 mM) of N on the growth and nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L). Growth parameters were significantly influenced by N forms, and nitrogen supplied as NH₄⁺ proved better for the growth of cacao compared with NO₃^? form and mixtures of these two forms. Irrespective of the forms of N, levels of N had no significant effect on plant growth parameters. Nutrient efficiency ratios (NERs) (shoot dry matter produced per unit of nutrient uptake) for macronutrients were sulfur>phosphorus>calcium>magnesium>nitrogen>potassium (S>P>Ca>Mg>N>K) and for micronutrients NERs were in the order of copper>boron>zinc>iron>manganese (Cu>B>Zn>Fe>Mn).     

三大沿海城市群滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响模式

随着陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的干扰日益强烈,研究滨海湿地陆源人类活动影响规律对于滨海湿地资源管理和保护具有重要的现实意义.以我国三大沿海城市群(环渤海湾、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲)滨海湿地为研究对象,分别选取围海造地(直接因子)和流域污染物(营养盐、非点源无机污染物)输入(间接因子)表征1990-2000年间滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响强度及规律.研究发现,虽然围海造地仍然以农业用地为主(＞50％),但城市建设用地比例随人口城市化率增高而增加,以珠江三角洲城市群最高;在环渤海湾和珠江三角洲城市群区域超过60％的滨海湿地面积受到高或中等污染物输入强度影响,长江三角洲城市群区域则有44.7％的滨海湿地面积处于中等污染物输入强度及以上.通过叠加围海造地和污染物输入双重陆源人类活动的综合影响强度表明,珠江三角洲城市群平均强度指数达到0.79,且处于中等及以上影响强度区域面积比例达到78％,均高于其他两个城市群滨海湿地区域.空间分析结果表明,陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的强影响区域多集中分布于河流人海口、较为发达城市滨海区以及海岸线附近.     

Effect of supplying P to a portion of the soybean root system on root growth and P uptake kinetics 1

Abstract

Knowledge of the effect of supplying P to portions of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) root system on P influx kinetics and root growth is important in developing P fertilizer placement practices for efficient fertilizer use. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of restricting P supply to portions of the root system on plant P status, root growth, and P influx kinetics. Two solution experiments were conducted in a controlled climate chamber. Phosphorus influx kinetics were determined on 25‐day‐old soybean plants that had been grown with 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of their roots initially exposed to P. Phosphorus influx kinetics were also measured on 25‐day‐old plants that had been P‐starved for the last 1, 2, 4, and 6 days prior to the determining P influx kinetics in order to relate plant P status to P influx kinetics.

Reducing the portion of the roots supplied with P reduced P uptake. This resulted in a reduction in plant P concentration and was related to a 3.41‐fold increase in maximum P influx measured on 25‐day‐old plants. Restricting the proportion of roots supplied with P had no significant effects on the Michaelis‐Menten constant or on the concentration in solution where net influx was zero. Root growth rate of the roots in the P containing solution was not significantly different from those in the ‐P solution.

Phosphorus uptake was correlated with final root surface area exposed to P (r² = 0.88??). Starving the plants for P reduced P concentration in the shoot and root and this resulted in as much as a 1.68‐fold increase in maximum influx.     

Effects of sulfide on K+ flux pathways in red blood cells of crucian carp and rainbow trout

The effect of sulfide on K⁺ influx pathways was measured in red blood cells (RBCs) of sulfide-sensitive rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sulfide-tolerant crucian carp (Carassius carassius). In trout RBCs, maximal inhibition of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was attained at 10 mol l^–1 sulfide and amounted to 32% without being influenced by pH between 6.7 and 8.3. Ouabain-resistant K⁺ influx in the absence and presence of sulfide was insignificant at pH values between 6.7 and 7.7. At higher pH values ouabain-resistant K⁺ influx increased, but was inhibited to about 15% by 30 mol l^–1 sulfide. In RBCs of crucian carp neither Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase nor ouabain-resistant K⁺ influx were affected by sulfide concentrations up to 850 mol l^–1. Differences in sulfide-sensitivity of K⁺ influx between both species can be based upon different properties of the membrane transporter themselves. The reduced Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity in trout RBCs may also result from a slightly reduced (by 9%) ATP level after sulfide exposure. In addition, intracellular sulfide concentrations were higher in trout RBCs as compared to crucian carp. In trout, intracellular sulfide concentrations reached extracellular levels within 5 min of incubation whereas sulfide concentrations in crucian carp RBCs remained about 2-fold lower than extracellular concentrations. Although the physiological basis of sulfide-insensitive K⁺ influx in crucian carp RBCs is currently unknown it may contribute to the extremely high sulfide-tolerance of this species.