Genetic variability for resistance to sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) and Rajasthan downy mildew (P. heteropogoni) in the tropical/sub-tropical Asian maize germplasm

Downy mildews cause considerable damage to maize (Zea mays L.) worldwide, particularly in the tropical Asia. We have evaluated a set of 42 tropical/sub-tropical maize inbred lines developed in different countries in Asia (India, Thailand and Philippines), and Mexico, for analysing the genetic variability for resistance to sorghum downy mildew [Peronosclerospora sorghi; SDM] and Rajasthan downy mildew [P. heteropogoni; RDM]. Experiments were carried out in replicated trials under artificial infection in field conditions against SDM and RDM at Mandya in Karnataka, India, and Udaipur in Rajasthan, India, respectively, during 1999 and 2000. The study resulted in identification of five inbred lines offering consistent and strong resistance to both SDM and RDM, while several inbred lines revealed resistance only to RDM. It was also revealed that the SDM-resistant inbreds are invariably resistant to RDM, while the RDM-resistant inbreds might show differential responses to the SDM. The maize inbred lines identified in this study with broad-spectrum resistance to downy mildews could be potentially useful for basic and applied research work on downy mildews in tropical Asia. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

利用SSR标记研究南斯拉夫玉米自交系遗传变异及杂种优势群预测

 利用113对SSR多态性引物对9个南斯拉夫玉米自交系和国内18个不同类群玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析,进而研究GD,GH,SCA及杂种优势与F₁产量的相关性,探讨预测杂种优势的可能性。结果表明:（1）利用SSR标记将27个供试自交系分为6类,我国自交系的分类结果与其系谱来源和以往研究结果基本一致,PA,PB和四平头类群自交系分别各归为一类;南斯拉夫自交系ZPL01,ZPL06,ZPL09,ZPL10和ZPL02归为第Ⅰ类, ZPL03,ZPL05,ZPL04与Mo17和丹232归为第Ⅱ类群, ZPL07与综3和综31归为第Ⅲ类;（2）SCA与对照优势及其与F₁穗粒重呈极显著正相关,而GD,GH与F₁穗粒重和对照优势的相关仅长葛点达到显著水平,利用SCA或对照优势可以较好地预测F₁的产量表现,而GD和GH的预测效果较差。     

玉米自交系RAPD分析中的样品选择

近年来分子标记技术在我国农业科研中的应用已受到了广泛的重视。分子标记样品的代表性如何将对研究结果产生影响，因此，研究分子标记的取样问题具有一定的现实意义。本文对以玉米自交系为样品，进行分子标记分析时的取样技术进行了探讨。在对玉米自交系中黄204基因组DNA进行RAPD分析时，同一引物8个单株及其混合样品的扩增结果中，单株6在564bp处比其它单株多一条较强的谱带，而8个单株的混合样品的扩增结果中也有一条同样的谱带。而丹340、旅9、5003等其它自交系的10个单株及其混合样品的RAPD谱带是一致的。说明中黄204单株6的遗传背景与其它单株不同，不能代表中黄204，如用它们的混合样品进行RAPD分析，就会得出错误的结果。可以看出，分子标记分析中的取样技术是检测结果可靠性不可忽视的重要因素之一。     

“两群”主要玉米自交系部分性状的比较研究

研究了国内 80年代和 70年代玉米生产上应用的主要自交系的性状表现 ,利用 6× 13不完全双列杂交模式分析了各性状的一般配合力 (GCA)。结果表明 ,近代玉米自交系自身的籽粒产量、生物学产量、单株叶面积和株型得到了显著改良 ;其余多数穗部性状和叶片功能期也有一定改良。与此同时 ,籽粒产量、生物学产量、单株叶面积等性状的 GCA显著提高 ;部分果穗性状的 GCA有所增加 ,但行粒数、百粒重和雄穗的 GCA降低。部分性状及其 GCA的遗传改良进展对提高近代玉米杂交种的产量潜力、降低种子生产成本都有重要作用。分析认为 ,当前玉米自交系遗传改良在拓宽群体遗传基础的前提下 ,应致力于多性状的协调发展或同步改良以及自交系自身结实性的改良。     

Inheritance of flower color in Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) using cultivars and inbreds. II. Vacuole pigmentation

Summary Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) garden cultivars Vulcan, with deep red ray florest, and Superior, with orange ray petals, were crossed as female with 16 inbred clones and the progeny assessed visually for flower color in 3 environments. Intensity of vacuole pigmentation in ray florets appeared to vary continuously. Evaluation was facilitated by placing plants in 7 color classes ranging from red, the most intense, through orange, an intermediate intensity, to yellow, the apparent lack of vacuole pigmentation. A simple hexaploid model with additive gene action, suggested by the 7 color classes, was inappropriate, as more than 50% of the plants in Vulcan families were red and more than 60% of the plants in Superior families were orange. Comparing evaluations of parental clones in 2 glasshouse and 2 field environments and considering data from an experiment, in which progeny first classified in the glasshouse were reevaluated in the field, revealed substantial shifts in classification. In the glasshouse, more individuals appeared in the red and orange classes, while field evaluation placed more individuals in classes adjacent to red and orange. However, the predominance of progeny in the color class of the common parent, that is, red for the Vulcan and orange for the Superior families, occurred in both glasshouse and field. Plants scored as other than red appeared in crosses between Vulcan and 3 red inbreds, suggesting that red ray petals are not conditioned by a homozygous genotype. The orange of Superior and orange progeny may be due to a single dominant gene causing mosaic-like distribution of red vacuole pigmentation over yellow plastid pigmentation. Because cloned genotypes were classified differently in diverse environments, critical genetic analysis of vacuole pigmentation will require cloned progeny and multiple-environment evaluation.     

利用荧光SSR标记划分玉米杂种优势群研究

采用荧光SSR标记技术,对我国玉米育种中重要的32个代表性自交系进行遗传关系分析和杂种优势群划分．结果表明,兰卡斯特种质的自交系和唐四平头种质的自交系及这两种种质的自交系与其它种质的自交系遗传距离较大;而瑞德种质的自交系和旅大红骨种质的自交系遗传距离最近．所研究自交系划分为3大类群（Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ）,其中2个类群分别为兰卡斯特群（类群Ⅰ）和唐四平头群（类群Ⅲ）;而瑞德种质和旅大红骨种质的自交系及选自美国杂交种的自交系均划归同一个群（类群Ⅱ）中．     

Simple sequence repeat polymorphism in Quality Protein Maize (QPM) lines

A set of 23 Quality Protein Maize (QPM) lines, including 13 lines developed in India and 10 lines at CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center), Mexico, was analyzed using microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Polymorphic profiles for 36 SSR loci have aided in differentiating the QPM inbred lines. The study resulted in identification of SSR markers, such as bnlg439, phi037, bnlg125, dupssr34 andbnlg105, with high polymorphism information content in the selected QPM genotypes. Detection of 30 unique/rare SSR alleles could contribute to effective differentiation of 14 of the 23 QPM inbreds. An opaque2-specific microsatellite marker, phi057, also facilitated differentiation of opaque2-carrying QPM inbreds from the non-opaque genotypes. Analysis using SSR markers indicated high levels of heterozygosity in majority of the Indian QPM lines and in one CIMMYT QPM inbred, CML188. Cluster analysis using SSR data, followed by canonical discriminant analysis, clearly distinguished the Indian QPM inbreds from those developed at CIMMYT. The cluster patterns were largely in congruence with the available pedigree information of the QPM inbreds studied. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of SSR markers in QPM genotype discrimination and analysis of genetic relationships, and could potentially contribute towards effective utilization of the elite QPM germplasm in Indian maize breeding programmes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inbreeding depression in garden and glasshouse chrysanthemums: germination and survivorship

Summary Sixty-six chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) inbred selections, noninbred cultivars and hybrids, and D. makinoi were the base populations from which up to three generations of inbreds were obtained using multiple plant descent. Each parent possessed pseudo-self compatibility (PSC), which allowed seed set following self pollination. Rapid-generation cycling (laboratory seed ripening to heart stage and subsequent embryo rescue) reduced generation time and minimized confounding maternal with zygotic inbreeding depression during post heart-stage seed development. Selection criteria were male/female fertility and PSC. Two stages of the life cycle were chosen to evaluate inbreeding depression: germination (seed development to germination) and survivorship (fertile individuals at anthesis). PSC was environmentally interactive and genotype dependent, causing variable levels of self seed set between and within populations and generations. By the end of the second generation, families from all noninbred cultivars, D. makinoi, and one F₁ hybrid were eliminated from the experiment due to self incompatibility and/or inbreeding depression. Post-germination inbreeding depression was severe in several advanced inbreds. Inbred progeny of most F₁ or F₂ hybrids expressed less or equal amounts of inbreeding depression compared to advanced inbreds. Linear regression coefficients for either germination or survivorship on percent homozygosity were negative. Correlation coefficients between percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of seed set) were highly significant for Minnesota inbreds (r=0.67, P0.002) and hybrids (r=0.67, P0.006). The correlation coefficient was higher when percent germination and survivorship (as a percent of germinated seedlings) were compared (r=0.95, P0.001).Abbreviations F Fisher's Coefficient of Inbreeding - IBD Inbreeding Depression - PSC Pseudo-self Compatibility - RGC Rapid Generation Cycle - SI Self Incompatibility     

玉米黄粒系产量配合力及其杂种优势模式的分析

对从国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)引入的及国内自育成的10个优质蛋白玉米(QPM)黄粒优良系,进行了配合力及杂优模式的分析.通过部分双列杂交获得45个杂交组合,将这些组合种植在云南省及广西壮族自治区的3种不同生态条件下进行观察鉴定.产量方差分析表明,品种之间、环境之间的差异达到极显著水平,而重复之间不显著;产量的一般配合力差异达极显著水平,而特殊配合力的差异不显著.杂交组合CML166×齐205具有最高产量(10880kg/hm2),杂交组合长631/O2×中系096/O2具有最低产量(5496kg/hm2).自交系CML161产量的一般配合力效应值最高(1010.53),自交系CML166产量的一般配合力效应值其次(947.11);而自交系中系096/O2产量的一般配合力效应值最低(-1119.98).自交系CML194与忻9101/O 2具有最高的产量特殊配合力效应值(1813.50),自交系CML 166与齐205产量的特殊配合力效应值也较高(1272.00);而自交系忻9101/O 2与齐205产量的特殊配合力效应值最低(-1670.96).根据杂交组合产量性状的配合力分析,可初步将这10个优质蛋白玉米自交系划分为4个杂种优势群和4种杂种优势模式.     

Assessment of heterotic patterns of tropical low-nitrogen–tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using testcross performance,morphological traits and SNP markers

Breeding efforts in West and Central Africa (WCA) have focused on the development of Low-N-tolerant (LNT) maize inbreds and their classification into heterotic groups. This study was conducted to classify LNT maize lines into heterotic groups using testcross performance, morphological and SNP markers and to compare the consistency of groupings by the three methods. Thirty-six LNT inbreds were crossed to two contrasting inbred testers to generate 72 testcrosses that were evaluated under low-N conditions in Nigeria in 2014. Also, the 36 inbreds and the two testers were evaluated for per se performance under similar conditions as the testcrosses in 2014 and genotyped in 2015 using 1,123,196 SNP markers. Based on testcross performance, 33 of the 36 LNT inbreds were grouped by the two testers. Morphological characterization from per se performance and genetic relationship by SNP markers classified the inbreds into four groups that were inconsistent with their pedigree. Correlation analysis showed non-concurrence of the three grouping methods. However, information from these groupings would assist in reducing the number of crosses to be made and evaluated.