Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

中国葡萄的气候区划研究(英文).

葡萄是中国的主要果树之一,1997年生产葡萄203万吨.本文讨论了中国葡萄的地理分布与气候区划.应用地图叠置法,将全国划分为8个农业气候区.为了防御和减轻气象灾害对葡萄栽培造成的损失,应当选择对葡萄栽培最适宜(Ⅰ),适宜(Ⅱ,Ⅲ)或较适宜(Ⅳ,Ⅴ)的区域种植适宜的葡萄品种.     

武威中部平川灌区酿酒葡萄生态适应性分析

通过对武威中部平川灌区与国内外著名酿酒葡萄产区的气候、土壤等生态因子作对比分析，结果表明武威的生态因子符合发展酿酒葡萄产业，生产的酿酒葡萄符合酿制优质干红、干白葡萄酒的条件。     

叶轮旋转式葡萄藤埋土单边清除机研制

针对目前春季中国北方葡萄种植主产区人工进行葡萄藤清土作业效率低、机械化程度低等问题,该文设计了一种适应于单边清土的叶轮旋转式葡萄藤清土机,主要由机架、刮土部件、叶轮部件和平土搅龙部件组成。刮土部件和叶轮部件能够分别将葡萄藤上方和侧面土壤清除,平土搅龙部件能够将清除的土壤进一步向行间输送并使其均匀地平铺在葡萄行正中间。以机器前进速度、叶轮转速和搅龙转速为因素,以清土中心距为指标,在离散元软件EDEM中对葡萄藤清土机作业进行仿真试验,得到最佳工作参数:前进速度1.2 m/s、叶轮转速420 r/min、搅龙转速300 r/min,此时清土中心距为44 mm。加工物理样机并进行田间试验,田间试验结果与仿真结果基本一致,两者清土中心距的相对误差约为15%,满足葡萄藤清土机单边清土的作业要求。该研究可为后续其他类型葡萄藤清土机的研制提供参考。     

Detection of botryosphaeriaceous species in environmental samples using a multi‐species primer pair

Botryosphaeriaceous species are significant grapevine trunk pathogens worldwide, which can be difficult to identify to species level using conventional morphological methods. This study developed and optimized a quick, reliable molecular identification method that could facilitate investigations into the epidemiology of these diseases in vineyards. The multi‐species primers, BOT100F and BOT472R, amplified a 371–372 bp portion of the rRNA gene region from the six botryosphaeriaceous species commonly found in New Zealand vineyards. In silico analysis indicated that they would amplify DNA from six of the 12 lineages of the Botryosphaeriaceae, including all of the main species pathogenic to grapevines. A detection sensitivity of 1 and 0·1 pg DNA in standard and nested PCR, respectively, was achieved and this was calculated as equivalent to 2·5 conidia. Validation of the primers for environmental samples showed that their specificity was not compromized by the presence of competing DNA templates extracted from wood and soil. Single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the amplicons could resolve Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, Diplodia mutila and D. seriata, but did not differentiate between N. parvum and N. ribis. The optimized PCR‐SSCP was used to identify botryosphaeriaceous species present in rainwater traps collected over 1 year in a vineyard known to contain infected vines. It could detect multiple species in individual samples and demonstrated differences in the dispersal patterns of conidia from different species. Given the specificity and sensitivity of this method it could prove useful in epidemiology studies involving the numerous botryosphaeriaceous species that infect a wide range of host species.     

不同药剂对巨峰葡萄扦插生根的影响

以强力生根剂、IBA、IBA＋硼砂、NAA、NAA＋IBA等药剂处理巨峰葡萄插条。结果表明，各种药剂对插条生根都有一定促进效果。以强力生根剂效果最佳，生根率60．8％，单株插条生根数8．07根，极显著高于对照（清水）。其次IBA和IBA＋硼砂的效果也较好，生根率分别为47．9％和46．9％，显著高于对照。各种药剂对插条生根长度没有显著影响。     

Use of chloroplast microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate polymorphism,classification and origin of Tunisian grapevines

Chloroplast microsatellite markers were used in this study to genotype 43 grapevines accessions grown in Tunisia. Size variation was observed for the three cpSSR loci, both in the sample of cultivars and in wild accessions. The seven alleles observed in the sample of cultivars for the three loci are present in wild accessions except that their distribution is different. Levels of genetic diversity obtained for the Tunisian grapevines either in wild or cultivated gene pools are high and comparable with values obtained with other studied samples of Vitis vinifera. The distribution of haplotypes within the two samples is differential. Indeed, the chlorotype A is most abundant in the wild sample, whereas the chlorotype C is majority in the sample of cultivars. Haplotypes frequencies for cultivated grapevine distinguish haplotypes B and C as the most frequent (28% and 44% respectively) and haplotypes A and D as the least frequent (16% and 12% respectively). For wild grapevines, the seven alleles combined in three haplotypes, A, C and D. The haplotype A is the most frequent (44%) in the analyzed sample of wild accessions while haplotypes C and D show a frequency of 28%. Chlorotype distribution in Tunisian cultivars is comparable with that of cultivars in the Eastern Region representing the primary centre of domestication of the species. These results agree with the higher relevance of table grape cultivars in Tunisian viticulture and support an oriental origin of a large part of autochthons cultivars. Our results agree with other studies based in nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers and suggest independent domestication events for V. vinifera L. species.     

The effect of the number of RAPD markers on the evaluation of genotypic distances in Vitis vinifera

The effect of the number of RAPD fragments on the estimation of genetic distances has been studied on 10 genotypes (Vitis vinifera) using 320 primers. A total number of 1683 scorable bands was obtained but only polymorphic bands (932) were considered in this work. The variation of the genetic distances, in relation to an increasing number of bands, was evaluated through a bootstrap sampling procedure. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) of the genetic distances decreased as the number of bands increased. A CV of 10% was obtained with about 100–150 bands while a CV of 5% with a large number of bands (400–500 and over). To reduce the cost and the time of the analyses, primers with different levels of polymorphism were compared. Genetic distance matrices, based on different numbers of bands and primer polymorphism, were highly correlated with the genetic distance matrix of the whole data set when they were determined with a large number of RAPD fragments, either from high or low polymorphic primers. The effect of the number of bands on the estimation of genetic distances was evaluated also through the variation of the pattern of aggregation among genotypes (cluster analysis). Stable clusterings were detected when a large number of polymorphic bands (400 and over) was used. Some rearrangements of the genotypes in the dendrograms was observed as the number of bands decreased; below 100–150 bands the clusterings were completely rearranged. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.