不同类糖接枝改性对花生蛋白膜物理性质的影响

为了改善花生蛋白膜的性能,利用不同小分子糖对花生蛋白进行接枝改性并将改性蛋白制备成膜,分析了糖接枝对花生蛋白膜的强度、延伸性、透光性、溶解性等物理性质的影响。结果表明:糖类物质能提高花生蛋白膜的拉伸强度,其中木糖改性后蛋白膜强度最高,达未经改性花生蛋白对照膜的1.77倍;葡萄糖对蛋白膜的延伸性影响最大,断裂延伸率最高,达对照膜的1.92倍;木糖能改善花生蛋白膜的耐水性,使膜的溶解性显著下降。综合来看,木糖接枝改善花生蛋白膜性能的效果较好,当蛋白/木糖质量比为10时,蛋白膜拉伸强度为1.48 MPa,断裂延伸率为218.92%,溶解性60.80%,蛋白膜浸泡24 h后仍保持完整膜状态。该研究为花生蛋白膜的性能改善以及进一步开发利用提供理论依据。     

甲醛交联碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜的透光性和透气性

为了提高工业碱木质素的利用价值,扩大碱木质素的应用范围,以工业碱木质素和聚乙烯醇为原料,以甲醛为交联剂,利用流延法制备了碱木质素-聚乙烯醇交联反应膜。通过单因素实验探索了碱木质素加入量、甲醛加入量、溶液pH值对碱木质素-聚乙烯醇(PVA,poly vinyl alcohol)反应膜透光性和透气性的影响。采用紫外可见分光光度计分析了薄膜的光学性能,压差法测定薄膜的透气性。采用SEM(scanning electron microscopy)和FTIR(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy)方法分析反应膜的表面形貌和化学结构,利用静态接触角测量仪测定薄膜的接触角。结果表明:碱木质素加入后,在紫外光区200～400 nm薄膜的透过率为零,对紫外线全吸收,在可见光区400～800 nm薄膜透过率降低,当碱木质素与PVA质量比为1:4时,在600 nm处薄膜的透过率为16.12%;随着甲醛加入量的提高,薄膜可见光区的透光率逐渐增大;随着pH值增大,木质素逐渐溶解,pH值为9时,薄膜600 nm处薄膜透过率为20.85%。与纯PVA薄膜相比较,碱木质素加入后薄膜二氧化碳和氧气的透气性都减小;经甲醛交联后,薄膜的氧气和二氧化碳的透过量都增大;pH值由小到大变化时,碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜对二氧化碳和氧气的透气量先增大后减小。FT-IR表征说明碱木质素-聚乙烯醇薄膜结构中有醚键生成,碱木质素和PVA发生了交联反应;电镜图片显示碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应薄膜表面较光滑;接触角分析说明碱木质素的加入增大了薄膜与水的接触角,薄膜表面亲水性降低,并且交联反应薄膜的接触角大于共混薄膜的接触角,交联提高了薄膜的耐水性。与戊二醛相比甲醛做交联剂时碱木质素和PVA之间的交联反应程度更大,交联薄膜在可见光区的透光性更大。薄膜对紫外线吸收主要是受碱木质素的影响。碱木质素-聚乙烯醇反应膜可作为良好的紫外吸收材料,应用于地膜中。     

‘丰香’草莓叶片高效再生体系的建立

 以草莓主栽品种丰香( Fragaria ×ananassa Duch ‘Toyonoka’) 叶片为外植体, 研究了影响组织培养的多个因素, 建立了高效再生体系。结果表明: MS + TDZ 1.5 mg·L ^{- 1} + IBA 0.4 mg·L ^{- 1}培养基最适于不定芽分化。不同滤光膜(绿膜、红膜、蓝膜、黄膜) 对草莓不定芽的分化具显著效应, 绿膜和红膜对芽的分化有明显促进作用, 不定芽再生率达95%以上, 平均每个外植体再生芽数在25个以上; 而蓝膜和黄膜则不利于芽的分化。不同滤光膜光谱差异主要集中在300～700 nm, 红、绿膜在该波段光强较弱,而黄、蓝膜和荧光灯较强。暗处理4周比1、2、3周更有利于提高叶片的不定芽再生率, 此后转到光下培养, 获得的不定芽再生率可达100%。     

不同硬脂酸添加量下大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠膜特性研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠复合膜的耐水性,通过添加不同添加量（0、2%、4%、6%、8%、10%）硬脂酸制备大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠/硬脂酸三元复合膜,探究硬脂酸对大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠复合膜的机械性能、阻水性能和微观结构的影响,最终明确不同硬脂酸添加量对耐水性变化的影响规律。结果表明：与大豆分离蛋白/海藻酸钠二元复合膜相比,添加6%和8%硬脂酸后,复合膜的断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率显著下降,并且对其含水率及水溶性也有显著影响。当硬脂酸添加量为8%时,三元复合膜的水蒸气渗透性最低,水蒸气透过系数为（2.95±0.49） g·mm/（m²·h·kPa）,接触角最大,为91.68°±9.02°。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱和扫描电子显微镜分析可知,大豆分离蛋白和海藻酸钠通过共价交联形成网络结构,加入的硬脂酸则分布在网络结构的缝隙中,当硬脂酸添加量为8%时,膜的表面较为光滑平整,内部结构致密,能够形成良好的网络结构,键与键之间结合较强,能有效提高复合膜的阻水性能。     

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中的重金属生物可利用性及生态风险评价

[目的]研究太湖梅梁湾沉积物中重金属的污染状况和生态风险。[方法]对重金属总量和生物有效浓度进行了分析,采用发光细菌法进行了沉积物毒性研究,并对重金属环境风险进行了评价。[结果]梅梁湾沉积物中Cr处于无污染状态,Zn、Cu、Pb和Ni属于轻度污染水平。DGT测定的有效态浓度和释放通量结果表明,Ni、Zn和Cu的生物可利用性高于Cd和Pb。发光细菌毒性测试和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数评价也表明,梅梁湾沉积物不具有生物毒性,属于低生态风险。[结论]需对梅梁湾沉积物中的Ni污染进行控制。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

覆膜抑制土壤呼吸提高旱作春玉米产量

为从农田碳通量角度揭示地膜覆盖种植方式的增产增效机理,于2011年在山西寿阳旱作农业野外试验站对覆膜和露地春玉米田,进行了表层土壤温湿度、土壤呼吸和净碳交换规律及作物生长发育规律的研究和分析。结果表明:与露地处理相比较,覆膜处理全生育期表层土壤含水率提高了18.7%,前期可平均提高表层土壤温度1.67℃。覆膜和露地处理土壤呼吸变化规律总体一致,但前者的温度敏感系数Q10比后者低,且中后期前者排放的碳仅为后者的61.7%,说明采用覆盖地膜种植方式有利于农田土壤碳管理。前期和中期覆膜处理绿叶面积指数比露地处理平均高0.81 m2/m2,后期覆膜处理衰老较快,收获时比露地处理低1.00 m2/m2;露地处理在前期和中期日均净碳通量平均比覆膜处理大0.04 mg/(m2·s),而后期仅小0.02 mg/(m2·s),这是造成2处理最终生物产量和经济产量差异的根本原因。在地上干物质积累和地下干物质积累方面,覆膜处理始终比露地处理高,收获时差值分别为269.7和38.6 g/m2。露地处理每公顷少收春玉米籽粒1 348 kg。由此可见,覆膜种植可提高表层土壤温湿度,促进作物生长发育,抑制土壤呼吸,促进碳积累,增加农民收入的同时更有利于土壤碳管理。     

水肥液膜配合对玉米生物学特性及水分利用效率的影响

玉米节水节肥高产研究对保障粮食安全具有重要现实意义,本研究供试玉米品种为‘郑单958’,采用旱棚盆栽试验,研究液膜覆盖、灌水与施肥对夏玉米生物学特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:在欠水条件(200mm)与贫水条件(300mm)下,液膜覆盖促进夏玉米生长发育的效果显著,L3水平(液膜45kg/hm~2)玉米株高和叶面积指数比L1水平(无液膜)分别增加了33.88%,36.07%,产量增加53.77%,20.76%;平水(400mm)、丰水条件(500mm)下,夏玉米株高、茎粗与叶面积指数在全生育期均高于欠水、贫水处理,并且产量显著高于欠水、贫水处理,水、肥、液膜对夏玉米生物学特性及产量的影响为:W(水分)F(施肥)L(液膜);以C11(W3F3L1)处理玉米茎粗、叶面积指数、产量均为最高,分别为20.2mm,5.86,148.83g/pot。综上,在缺水条件下,喷施液态膜可提高玉米水分利用效率,最高达28.18kg/(mm·hm~2);水分充足时夏玉米高产高效的最优方案为:W3(400mm)+F3(N-P-K:180-120-135kg/hm~2)+L1(液膜0kg/hm~2)。     

Chitosan-Based Films with 2-Aminothiophene Derivative: Formulation,Characterization and Potential Antifungal Activity

In this study, films of chitosan and 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (6CN), a 2-aminothiophene derivative with great pharmacological potential, were prepared as a system for a topical formulation. 6CN-chitosan films were characterized by physicochemical analyses, such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the antifungal potential of the films was evaluated in vitro against three species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis). The results of the FTIR and thermal analysis showed the incorporation of 6CN in the polymer matrix. In the diffractogram, the 6CN-chitosan films exhibited diffraction halos that were characteristic of amorphous structures, while the micrographs showed that 6CN particles were dispersed in the chitosan matrix, exhibiting pores and cracks on the film surface. In addition, the results of antifungal investigation demonstrated that 6CN-chitosan films were effective against Candida species showing potential for application as a new antifungal drug.     

论中国电影的书法审美

书法是中国最为独特的艺术形式之一,在中国电影尤其是古装影片中是必不可少的组成部分。书法在电影中一般有两种审美表现形式:一种是作为背景镜头,另一种是作为特写镜头。书法作品不仅是一种道具,它还是时代、文化、修养、人格的标志。