Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

功能性杂粮膨化食品的研制

选用苦荞、燕麦、杂豆等山西特色杂粮为主要原料,有针对性地强化苦荞的黄酮、燕麦膳食纤维等功能性营养因子,研制出可降低血脂、调节血压和润肠通便等专用系列杂粮膨化保健食品。     

干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种（系）产量相关性状的影响

[目的]该研究旨在了解干尖线虫病对不同水稻品种的影响。[方法]通过田间表型观察与室内考种试验,对自然发病状态下的4个常规粳稻品种（系）和粳稻恢复系 R161进行了观察和分析。[结果]不同水稻品种（系）被侵染后的症状存在差异,常规粳稻宁1707、宁1818、镇稻88和南粳9108被侵染后表现"干尖"和"小穗头"症状,粳稻恢复系R161只表现"干尖",不表现"小穗头"症状,且"干尖"的位置不同,分别位于剑叶叶尖,整片剑叶及倒二叶。供试材料被水稻干尖线虫侵染后均能抽穗,但是株高、穗长、结实率和千粒重均受到不同程度的影响。此外,R161被干尖线虫侵染后,不同发病部位对水稻产量的影响不同,整片剑叶干枯扭曲的稻穗受影响最大。[结论]该研究为进一步阐明我国水稻干尖线虫病的危害规律和制定相应的防治措施提供依据。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。     

硅灰石纤维填充超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料干滑动摩擦磨损的BP神经网络分析

超高分子量聚乙烯及其复合材料由于其优良的自润滑和防黏性能可用于农业工程装备中的滑动接触部件和触土部件。基于人工神经网络在复杂系统建模问题上的优越性,考察了几种因素对硅灰石纤维增强复合材料的摩擦和磨损性能影响的模型。考虑到输入、输出数据个数,调试设计了一个3×10×2的BP神经网络,其输入层由3个神经元构成,分别为硅灰石纤维的处理方法、硅灰石纤维的加入量和试验过程中的法向载荷。隐含层有10个神经元。输出层2个神经元分别为材料的摩擦系数和磨损量。基于上述BP神经网络对硅灰石纤维增强超高分子量聚乙烯基复合材料的干滑动摩擦磨损性能进行了模拟和预测。对神经网络的训练和检验表明该BP神经网络能够较好地预测影响因素对复合材料的干滑动摩擦和磨损的作用,大部分数据的预测值与试验值的误差在10%以内,其仿真精度能够满足实际的摩擦磨损预测要求。     

一株纤维降解菌的鉴定及其对酒糟固态发酵效果的研究

为鉴定本实验室前期筛选的一株纤维降解菌,并优化其发酵白酒糟的条件,通过16S rRNA序列分析并结合菌株形态和部分生理生化方法进行菌株鉴定,随后利用该菌进行白酒糟发酵试验.首先采用单因素试验设计,然后根据发酵后白酒糟营养成分变化,确定用于正交试验的各因素水平,在此基础上进行四因素三水平的正交试验设计确定最适发酵条件,最...     

杂交早稻吸氮特性与产量形成的初步研究

研究了在不同施氮水平下,杂交早稻吸氮特性及其与产量形成的关系。结果表明;杂交早稻威优49亩产500千克左右,植株每亩总吸氮量平均为9.78千克,其中土壤供氮量占52.45%。杂交早稻一生中前期吸氮量占50.72%,中期占31.08%,后期占18.30%,以中期施氮对叶片含氮率影响最大。在高氮水平下,中期施氮导致茎鞘醣含量急剧下降。抽穗前植株吸氮量与每亩发育颖花数呈极显著正相关,但结实率受每朵颖花占有抽穗前醣量的影响。最适 LAI 为6.5～7.5。     

寒地水稻品种子粒灌浆特性差异及其对结实率的影响

用 L ogistic生长方程 W =K/ (1+ ae-bt)对寒地水稻品种 (系 )强、弱势子粒灌浆过程进行了分析 ,并依配得的 L ogistic方程导出了若干个子粒灌浆特性参数。结果表明 ,强势粒的起始灌浆量、最大灌浆强度高于弱势粒 ,有效灌浆期比弱势粒短 ,最大灌浆速率出现时间和最大灌浆速率期早于弱势粒。强、弱势粒各项灌浆参数均存在品种间差异。相关分析表明 ,强势粒和弱势粒的最大灌浆速率出现时间早、最大灌浆速率期早、平均灌浆强度高 ,弱势粒起始灌浆量大、最大灌浆速率高 ,强弱势粒同步灌浆性强 ;结实率高 ,寒地超高产水稻品种应适当提早抽穗期 ,从而提早弱势粒最大灌浆速率期 ,保证较高结实率水平     

Dynamic Development of Aphelenchoides besseyi on Rice Plant by Artificial Inoculation in the Greenhouse

A study was done on the relationship between Aphelenchoides besseyi and the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. This is an important rice disease in Jiangsu Province, China. A. besseyi was extracted from small grains and erect panicles and cultured artificially, and then inoculated into bud and leaf sheaths of seedlings of two Oryza sativa cultivars, namely Zhendao 2 and Wuyunjing 7 in a greenhouse. The effect on rice growth, in particular the small grains and erect panicles, was revealed by the extent of the disease, seed expansion stages, nematode load, and nematode mortality. In contrast to healthy seedlings, the height, length, and the numbers of spikelets of unhealthy panicles of Zhendao 2 were decreased by 6.7, 16.4, and 13.5%, respectively. Before anthesis, nematodes were attracted to the leaf sheath and apical meristem, nematode load increased by 40%; after anthesis, nematodes occurred in spikelets principally and the number increased by 90.8%. The percentages of infected seeds and nematode load were highest in plump seeds and lowest in empty seeds. Nematode mortality on grain with normal endosperm was lower than seeds with abnormal endosperm. Results indicated that A. besseyi was the pathogen in rice with the symptoms of small grains and erect panicles. Wuyunjing 7 manifests only the small grains and erect panicles symptoms and not the symptoms of leaf white-tip. These symptoms of small grains and erect panicles are new symptom records for the disease caused by A. besseyi on rice.     

小麦开花后籽粒多组分营养物质积累动态分析

为探究小麦开花后籽粒中多组分营养物质积累的动态规律及其相互间的关系,本研究以六倍体栽培小麦中国春和贵紫1号为材料,对开花后10、15、20、25、30、35、40d的籽粒总类黄酮、总酚、植酸、无机磷、总淀粉、氨基和可溶性蛋白质含量及单粒重进行了动态测定及单因素方差(One-Way ANOVA)、相关性网络(Correlation-based network analysis,CAN)和斯皮尔曼秩相关(Spearmanp’s Rho Correlation)等分析。结果表明,在籽粒发育过程中,氨基、可溶性蛋白质以及无机磷含量逐渐降低,淀粉含量升高后逐渐趋于稳定,总酚含量先降低后升高,总类黄酮含量及单粒重先升高后降低。2个小麦品种籽粒中各营养物质含量及单粒重的动态变化趋势相似,但各营养物质含量的高低及其差异显著性却各有不同。不同阶段的单粒重与对应阶段营养物质的含量存在不同程度的相关性,即使是同一种营养物质,在籽粒发育的不同阶段与单粒重的相关性也不尽相同。