生物质液体燃料发展方向与对策探讨

阐明了开发生物质液体燃料是解决石油短缺和环境污染的有效途径之一。分析了我国液体燃料市场和生物质资料的现状和发展趋势，提出了我国生物质液体燃料的发展方向和相应的对策。     

秦皇岛装船原油管道能耗指标测算

针对秦皇岛原油装船线装船量急剧下降的情况，从分析油电消耗着手，推导出油电指标的测算公式，探讨成本与装船计划的关系。确定了维持成本运行的最低年装船量，并提出了相应降低能耗的措施。     

Efficacy of essential oils combination on performance,ileal bacterial counts,intestinal histology and immunocompetence of laying hens fed alternative lipid sources

This study was carried out to assess the effects of a blend of herbal essential oils (namely Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Rosmarinus offisinalis and Anethum graveolens) and different dietary lipid sources on the performance, ileal bacterial enumeration, intestinal histological alterations and immune responses in laying hens. For this purpose, a total of 150 laying hens were randomly allocated to six experimental treatments with five replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of three levels of a mixture of essential oils (0, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and two sources of lipid (soybean oil and fish oil containing different ratios of n‐6 to n‐3 fatty acids) fed to the animals during an 80‐days feeding trial. Findings indicated that dietary administration of fish oil not only increased significantly the spleen relative weight (p < 0.01) and the antibody titre against Newcastle virus (p < 0.05) but also led to reductions in liver relative weight (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mixture of herbal essential oils brought about declines in hepatic relative weight, heterophile to lymphocyte ratio (p < 0.05) and intestinal pathogen populations (p < 0.01). Mention must also be made of the improvements it made in spleen weight (p < 0.01), antibody titres against SRBC (p < 0.01) and Newcastle virus (p < 0.05), villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01), goblet cell numbers (p < 0.05), lamina propria lymphatic follicle diameters (p < 0.01) and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.06). It may be claimed that the enhancements observed in the performance of laying hens fed fish oil and 200 mg/kg of the blend of essential oils could have potentially been associated with improved intestinal health indices as well as cellular and humoral immune responses.     

微生物燃料电池在环境监测中的研究进展

微生物燃料电池在环境监测领域有巨大的应用潜力.概述微生物燃料电池应用于环境监测的基本原理,对目前已有的微生物燃料电池型传感器为监测方法进行详细的介绍,包括微生物燃料电池用于易降解碳源、有毒污染物及微生物数量检测三方面的研究.最后探讨了微生物燃料电池传感器目前还未被广泛应用于实际水质监测的原因,以期为未来研究开发高性能微生物燃料电池传感器提供理论参考依据.     

Evaluation of European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larval movement and survival in structured and seed blend refuge plantings

Blending Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn and non-Bt corn seeds in the same bag is a convenient and easier compliance solution to satisfy refuge regulations. However, there has been considerable debate and concern about larval movement of the target insects in a seed blend because of its potential effect on the development of resistance. Reported here are studies to determine the larval movement of European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), in a seed blend compared to a structured refuge and their effects on survival, feeding injury and larval fitness. Also evaluated is the relative performance of a purple-seeded corn hybrid as a surrogate host plant for tracking gene flow. Seed blend and structured refuge arrangements of Agrisure GT/CB/LL Bt corn expressing Cry1Ab and isoline plants were evaluated at two locations in 2013 and 2014 by manually infesting refuge plants with first and second generation corn borer larvae. The majority of leaf and stalk injury was recorded on the refuge plant, which amounted to 66–83% of the total tunnel length. In both refuge arrangements, plant injury and the number of larvae recovered significantly decreased on neighboring plants with increasing distance away from the refuge plant in the same row. The relative decline in injury was much more pronounced in the seed blend, with neighbor Bt plants experiencing very minor tunneling or no injury at all due to the high dose trait. Eighty-nine percent fewer live larvae were also found on neighbor Bt plants in the seed blend compared to those found in the structured refuge plots. Larvae that moved to Bt plants as well as older instars that were manually placed on Bt plants failed to complete development. Comparison of the number of tunnels and larvae recovered per refuge plant indicated that the seed blend may not produce as many susceptible individuals as those produced in a structured refuge arrangement. Although the purple-seeded hybrid showed lower levels of ear and stalk injury, it could serve as an appropriate surrogate refuge plant to track gene flow.     

金枪鱼延绳钓船机电混合动力系统节油效果分析

金枪鱼延绳钓渔业是远洋渔业的重要组成部分。金枪鱼延绳钓作业过程包括航行、作业两种完全不同的工况。航行工况时要求航速较高,作业工况时要求航速较低。为了满足这两种工况,采用柴电独立运行(PTH)方式机电混合动力系统。机电混合动力系统由柴油机推进系统与电力推进系统两部分组成。高航速时使用大功率的柴油机模式,低航速时使用小功率的电力推进模式。上海远洋渔业有限公司近两年先后两批次建造了5条装备了PTH方式机电混合动力系统金枪鱼延绳钓船。根据实船测试,在作业期间,不同船型起钩阶段节油25%和8%,航行节油均达14%。通过计算分析,使用PTH方式,机电混合动力系统增加的初始投资成本可通过节油方式在4年内回收。综合节油效果显示,使用电力推进比使用柴油机推进可以节油15%~20%,达到了良好的节能减排、降低运营成本的效果。     

浅谈轻烃混空燃气鼓泡制气工艺的物理原理及应用

论述了以C5为主的轻烃液体燃料,采用鼓泡法按比例混入空气的制气工艺,将液态烃置换为优质轻烃混空燃气的物理原理,为设计、制造气化装置提供了理论依据。     

新型柴油机喷油规律测试系统的设计

基于柴油机喷油器,设计了一种柴油机喷油规律测试系统.对喷油器进行改装设计,用以容纳、计量柴油机在喷油过程中喷出的油量,用位移传感器测量喷出油量的容积变化,通过数据处理得到喷油规律;设计了卸压装置,以防止测量系统因油压过高而受损.实验结果表明,该测试系统可以快捷地测量柴油机的喷油规律.     

混合器式液化石油气小型发动机性能研究

通过对汽油机改装的液化石油气发动机进行实验研究，得出了混合器形式对液化石油气发动机的性能有重要影响的结论，优先出既便于控制又有利于动力性发挥的等比例混合器；台架实验表明，通过对压缩比的匹配调整的空燃比的合理控制，汽油机改装的液化石油气发动机不用后处理技术就能满足排放法规和噪声法规，其动力性仅下降4％左右。     

豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油燃料特性研究

以乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油在金属钠催化下合成出了豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油,考察了该生物柴油作为替代燃料在性能方面与柴油的差别;研究了作为柴油添加剂,其加入量对混合燃料性能的影响。结果表明,豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油的燃料特性达到了国外生物柴油生产标准,可以直接作为柴油使用,也可与矿物柴油掺合使用,提高了柴油的使用性能。