菌株Bacillus sp.CLb芽孢漆酶对染料、模拟染料废水脱色的研究

[目的]研究芽孢杆菌菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶在介体的互作下对不同类型的染料及模拟染料废水的脱色效果。[方法]制备芽孢粗酶液,在介体的互作下,测定具有漆酶活性的粗酶液对活性亮蓝、活性黑、靛红和结晶紫的脱色效果,筛选出对染料脱色有促进作用的漆酶介体,并且研究芽孢漆酶在不同pH条件下对染料和模拟染料废水脱色的影响。[结果]菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶在无介体参与下只能使活性亮蓝和结晶紫脱色。在介体乙酰丁香酮（ACE）的作用下,芽孢漆酶对4种染料的脱色率均超过70%。在pH 7.0条件下,芽孢漆酶浓度为44.74 U/L和介体ACE浓度为1 mmol/L时对模拟染料废水的脱色效果最好,6 h脱色率超过80%。在介体乙酰丁香酮存在,pH 7.0的条件下,菌株CLb的芽孢漆酶对合成染料脱色效率高于pH 9.0时的脱色率。[结论]在介体乙酰丁香酮的存在下,芽孢漆酶对染料和模拟染料废水均具有较好的脱色效果。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from dairy farm effluent applied to a New Zealand pasture soil

A field experiment on permanent ryegrass–white clover pasture at AgResearch's Ruakura dairy farm near Hamilton, New Zealand quantified nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from different types of dairy effluent applied to soil at three seasons and evaluated the potential of dicyandiamide (DCD) (a nitrification inhibitor) to decrease gaseous N₂O emissions. Fresh or stored manure and farm dairy effluent (FDE; from dairy shed washings), with or without DCD (10 kg/ha), were applied at approximately 100 kg N/ha to plots on a well‐drained soil on volcanic parent material. A field chamber technique was used to measure N₂O emissions. Application of manure or FDE, both in fresh and stored forms, to pasture generally increased N₂O emissions. Overall N₂O emission factors (EF) varied between 0.01% and 1.87%, depending on application season and effluent type. EFs in spring and autumn were greater than those in summer (P < 0.05). Among the effluents, N₂O EFs were largest from fresh FDE (1.65%) during the spring measurement period, stored manure (1.87%) during the autumn and stored FDE (0.25%) during the summer. DCD was effective in decreasing N₂O EFs from fresh FDE, fresh manure, stored FDE and stored manure by 40–80%, 69–76%, 24–84% and 60–70%, respectively. DCD reduced N₂O emissions during the spring and autumn seasons more effectively than in the summer season.     

高氨氮厌氧消化液后处理技术研究

采用SBR-絮凝沉淀-Fenton氧化-活性炭吸附组合工艺对高氨氮厌氧消化液的后处理进行实验研究.结果表明,当进水COD浓度为4516 mg·L^-1时,SBR出水COD可降为1752 mg·L^-1,去除率达到61.2%;絮凝沉淀出水COD浓度为1189 mg·L^-1,去除率为32.1%;Fenton氧化和活性炭吸附出水COD浓度分别为452和216 mg·L^-1,去除率分别为61.7%和52.7%.当进水NH3-N浓度2162 mg·L^-1时,SBR出水NH3-N浓度降至13.8 mg·L^-1,去除率为99.4%,NH3-N主要在该段去除.整个组合工艺对COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到95.2%和99.9%,达到了很好的有机物和氨氮去除效果,在技术上是可行的.     

碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液厌氧生物降解及其主要微生物类群研究

采用中温(35±1℃)UASB AF相结合的反应器处理碱法草浆造纸蒸煮黑液,设计了两种试验方案。试验方案Ⅰ-碱法草浆黑液酸化后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅰ号反应器内装陶粒。试验方案Ⅱ-黑液用化学法(HCl)去除木质素后进行厌氧发酵,Ⅱ号反应器内装软填料。进行HRT、有机负荷和有机污染物(COD_(cr)、BOD_5)去除效率、沼气产气率相关性试验。在厌氧发酵稳态运行条件下,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术,MPN计数法对UASB AF反应器内厌氧污泥中的主要微生物类群区系组成进行了生态分析研究。     

Mineral content of three olive cultivars irrigated with treated industrial wastewater

The reuse of saline treated industrial wastewater generated by textile firms mixed with municipal domestic effluent for irrigation was used to asses its effect on the mineral content of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions during two complete vegetative cycles. Chemical analysis of the treated wastewater indicated that the element concentrations fall within the permissible range of irrigation water used for plants. However, little impermissible accumulation of Na and Mg higher than the recommended maximum concentration was observed. Irrigation water with six electrical conductivities (EC = 0.78, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 dS m⁻¹ in treatments T₀, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, T₅, respectively) were compared in the greenhouse experiment. The olive trees in the field experiment were trickle irrigated with potable water and treated wastewater (average EC = 4.2 dS m⁻¹). The results of the greenhouse experiment showed that leaf N, Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Na contents increased with increasing salinity of the treated wastewater. This increase was accompanied with a decrease in K and Mg contents. Leaf Ca and Cl concentrations were not considerably affected. Ion analysis in roots indicated that the contents of P, Na, Cl, Mn, and Pb increased while K decreased as treated wastewater salinity increased. Consequently, in most cases T₄ and T₅ gave a highly significant increase or decrease in accumulation of the previously mentioned minerals. A considerable variation in the studied cultivars was noticed. ‘Nabali’ was considered the most tolerant cultivar for the high salinity levels of the treated wastewater; its transporting selectivity of Na from root to leaf was higher and more Na was retained in the roots. Tissue analysis of leaves indicated that the element concentrations were within the adequate levels except those of Fe in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’, Na in ‘Improved Nabali’ and Cu in ‘Nabali’ and ‘Manzanillo’. In view of these findings, the negligible accumulation of minerals in leaves and roots indicated that this kind of textile effluent can be used as a valid alternative for irrigation of olive orchards with continuous monitoring of mineral levels.     

非氧化性修复剂在恢复NF/RO膜出水水质的应用研究

随着膜系统运行至一定年限,加上膜系统长期超负荷运行和膜化学清洗的不及时、不规范,都将加快膜元件的老化,造成膜元件对离子、小分子有机物等物质的截留率有所下降。膜出水COD偏高,电导率升高、颜色偏黄已成为纳滤/反渗透(NF/RO)系统运行过程中出现较频繁的问题之一,严重影响着膜系统的出水水质和出水美观度。本试验选取长沙生活垃圾渗滤液处理厂出水水质差的反渗透/纳滤处理系统为分析对象,通过冲击性投加的方式将专用NR-MRA-1000型修复剂粘附于膜表面,并24 h长期运行。试验结果表明,膜系统添加NR-MRA-1000型修复剂且运行48 h后,呈现出膜出水色度明显降低,COD截留率上升以及出水电导率下降、膜运行压力上涨等产水特征,对膜产水通量没有显著影响;且膜修复剂试验运行60 d后,膜机组相关产水性能恢复至原来的标准。     

Effects of dietary phosphorus level on non-faecal phosphorus excretion from yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel) fed purified and practical diets

Non-faecal phosphorus (P) was determined for large yellowtail to estimate a minimum available P requirement (Experiment  1) and to justify inorganic P supplementation in a fish meal-based diet (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, purified diets with incremental P concentrations were fed to yellowtail (mean weight 917 g) at a feeding rate of 1.5% of body weight. The peaks of non-faecal P excretion appeared 5–6 h after feeding in fish fed more than 4.5 g available P kg⁻¹ dry diet. Broken-line analysis indicated that the minimum available P requirement was 4.4 g kg⁻¹ dry diet. In Experiment 2, a purified diet (PR) containing 6.5 g available P kg⁻¹ and a fish meal-based diet with (F1) and without (F0) additional phosphorus were fed to yellowtail (mean weight 1.1 kg) at 1.5% (PR) and 2% (F0 and F1) feeding rates respectively. There was no significant difference in P excretion between fish fed the F0 (5.5 g soluble P kg⁻¹ dry diet) and the PR diet. However, significantly higher (34.5%) amounts of non-faecal P excretions (7.4 g soluble P kg⁻¹ dry diet) were found in fish fed F1 compared with the F0 diet. This suggested that there was an excess of dietary P in the F1 diet and that supplementation is not needed in fish meal-based diets for large yellowtail.     

两种不同布水方式对生物砂滤池去除厌氧消化液氨氮的影响

在实验室条件下,采用试验生物砂滤柱模拟生物砂滤池系统,研究了雾化和滴渗布水方式对生物砂滤池去除猪场厌氧消化液氨氮的影响,结果表明:在进水水力负荷为0.057 m3.m-2d-1,氨氮平均浓度分别为293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1,553 mg.L-1时,雾化布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为98.8%,87.4%,75.1%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为3.61 mg.L-1,64.7 mg.L-1,138 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为16.4 g.m-2d-1,25.4g.m-2d-1,23.5 g.m-2d-1;滴渗布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为77.4%,71.4%,59.3%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为66.3 mg.L-1,147 mg.L-1,225 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为12.9 g.m-2d-1,20.7 g.m-2d-1,18.6 g.m-2d-1;雾化布水可以提高生物砂滤池氨氮的去除率、去除负荷,降低出水氨氮浓度;滴渗布水在进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,雾化布水进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1的条件下,出水氨氮平均浓度可达到《畜禽...     

再生水加氯对滴灌系统堵塞及番茄产量与氮素吸收的影响

加氯处理是防止再生水滴灌系统生物和化学堵塞的常用方法,但有关加氯处理对作物生长影响的研究尚不充分。通过在日光温室内的田间试验,研究了加氯浓度和加氯频率对再生水滴灌灌水器堵塞特性、番茄产量和品质的影响;建立了土壤硝态氮含量随土壤电导率、含水率和温度变化的多元回归模型,分析了加氯处理对根区土壤硝态氮变化动态和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,加氯处理能够有效防止再生水滴灌引起的灌水器流量降低;再生水滴灌增加了硝态氮在土壤表层（15 cm深度）的累积,促进了作物对氮素的吸收;加氯处理使植株吸氮量明显降低,加剧了硝态氮在土壤表层的累积,累积量随着加氯浓度和加氯频率的增大而增大;再生水滴灌的番茄产量略高于地下水滴灌,而再生水加氯处理会使产量有所降低;再生水滴灌使番茄口感指标（可溶性糖和水溶性总酸）显著提高、营养指标（Vc含量和可溶性固形物）显著降低,加氯处理能够有效缓解营养指标的降低趋势。采用浓度低于50 mg/L、频率低于两周1次的加氯处理对作物的氮素吸收有一定的抑制作用,但不会对作物生长造成明显不利影响。     

光滑河蓝蛤对净化养殖废水的净化效果

[目的]研究光滑河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula laevis)对大棚对虾养殖尾水的净化效果,确定净化废水时蓝蛤的养殖密度。[方法]设4个光滑河蓝蛤养殖密度处理,分别为0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0 ind/L,1个空白对照(CK),每组设置3次重复,养殖4 d,整个试验期间不换水,不投放饵料,测定不同处理对养殖废水中硝酸盐、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、总氮(TN)的去除效果。[结果]光滑河蓝蛤4个养殖密度对NH+4-N、TP、硝酸盐均有显著的去除效果(P0.05),其中,1.0 ind/L处理净化效果最佳,对废水中硝酸盐的去除效率为62%±15.06%,NH+4-N的去除效率为48%±9.41%,TP去除率为99%±17.78%,TN的去除率为60%±3.74%。CK的净化效果最低,对废水中硝酸盐、NH+4-N、TP、TN的去除率分别为15%±3.36%、16%±0.58%、38%±6.86%、33±1.58%。[结论]光滑河蓝蛤的最佳养殖密度为1.0 ind/L。