禽大肠杆菌高密度发酵与溶氧关系的研究

利用GUJS—10C小型发酵罐分批培养禽大肠杆菌，通过平板计数、比浊计数的方法，对大肠杆菌高密度发酵中细菌生长与溶氧的关系进行分析。结果表明：溶氧的规律性变化能够反映大肠杆菌生长的规律，即在细菌生长的适应期细菌数量较少，耗氧量少，溶氧曲线最高；随着发酵时间的增加，细菌不断增多，耗氧量也随之增加，溶氧曲线下降；达到对数生长期，曲线最低；进入稳定期，曲线趋于平稳；到发酵后期，细菌进入衰老期，溶氧曲线略有上升，这时可终止发酵。     

土壤易氧化有机碳与溶解性有机碳对荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤碳库变异的表征

以干旱、半干旱地区荒漠草地不同沙漠化阶段土壤为研究对象,研究不同沙漠化阶段土壤易氧化有机碳与溶解性有机碳含量和分配比例变异规律,分析不同沙漠化阶段土壤碳库指数变化,探讨荒漠草地沙漠化过程中土壤易氧化有机碳与溶解性有机碳对土壤碳库的表征作用。结果表明,随着荒漠草地沙漠化程度的加剧,易氧化有机碳含量表现出一定的波动性,但整体呈下降趋势,溶解性有机碳含量呈线性下降。易氧化有机碳和溶解性有机碳分配比例均在荒漠草地达到最大值,在半固定沙地达到最小值。利用易氧化有机碳含量计算的土壤碳库管理指数随荒漠草地沙漠化程度增加表现出先下降后上升趋势,利用溶解性有机碳含量计算的土壤碳库管理指数呈线性下降趋势。易氧化有机碳、溶解性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳均显著正相关,但溶解性有机碳的相关系数略高于易氧化有机碳。通过比较活度敏感指数和碳库管理指数敏感指数发现,荒漠草地逆向演替至固定沙地过程中,易氧化有机碳的各项敏感指数均高于溶解性有机碳。固定沙地演替至流动沙地过程中,溶解性有机碳的各项敏感指数均高于易氧化有机碳,表明易氧化有机碳能够较好地表征荒漠草地沙漠化前期土壤碳库变化,而荒漠草地沙漠化中期和后期利用溶解性有机碳表征效果更好。     

Biochar has little effect on soil dissolved organic carbon pool 5 years after biochar application under field condition

Biochar application can improve soil properties, such as increasing soil organic carbon content, soil pH and water content. These properties are important to soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC); however, the effects of biochar on DOC concentration and composition have received little research attention, especially several years after biochar application under field conditions. This study was conducted in a long‐term experimental field where the biochar was only applied once in 2009. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 t ha^?1) on the dynamics of soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC compositions (reducing sugar, soluble phenol and aromatics) over nine samplings during a 12‐month period in 2014. Our results showed that soil water content and DOC concentration varied from 7.1% to 14.5% and 59 to 230 mg C kg^?1 soil during the 12 months, respectively. However, the biochar application rates did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect soil water content, DOC concentration and DOC composition at the same sampling period. The DOC concentration across the biochar treatments was positively correlated to soil water content. Moreover, the DOC composition (reducing sugar, soluble phenol or aromatics) and their concentrations were positively correlated to the total DOC concentration. In addition, biochar did not affect soil bulk density, pH, saturated hydraulic conductivity and crop yields. The results indicated that some benefits of biochar to soil may not persist 5 years after the application of biochar under a field condition.     

宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式(耕地、弃耕地、草地和柠条地)的土壤为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量,分析了土壤活性有机碳占有机碳的比例,以期探寻不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳含量范围在1.78~6.17 g·kg^-1,具体表现为弃耕地>柠条地>草地>耕地。表层(0~5 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著高于深层(10~60 cm),说明荒漠草原土壤有机碳主要富集在表层;4种土地利用方式土壤易氧化有机碳含量为0.57~1.38 mg·g^-1,变化趋势具体表现为柠条地>草地>耕地>弃耕地,且柠条地在每个土层都高于其它3种土地利用方式;土壤可溶性有机碳含量范围为6.8~11.1 mg·kg^-1,变化趋势表现为草地>耕地>柠条地>弃耕地。土壤易氧化有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为13.7%~43.1%,大小排序为柠条地>耕地>草地>弃耕地;土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为0.11%~0.48%,比例大小为耕地>草地>柠条地>弃耕地,耕地和草地中土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳比例随着土壤深度的增加而减小,这与有机碳在耕地和草地中变化趋势一致。土地利用变化可以显著影响土壤活性有机碳的含量与分布,能够敏感的反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为评价宁夏荒漠草原土壤质量和肥力的指标之一。     

基于WT-CNN-LSTM的溶解氧含量预测模型

溶解氧（Dissolved oxygen, DO）含量是影响水产养殖产量的重要因素之一,具有时序性、不稳定性和非线性等特点,且其影响因子过多、存在复杂的耦合关系,难以实现精准预测。针对传统长短时记忆神经网络（Long short term memory, LSTM）预测模型易引入冗余数据,且在训练过长序列时会出现梯度消失现象,从而不能捕捉因子间长期的依赖性问题,提出了基于小波变换（Wavelet transform, WT）、卷积神经网络（Convolutional neural network, CNN）和LSTM的溶解氧含量预测模型。首先,使用WT降低数据噪声;然后,使用CNN深度挖掘各变量之间的潜在关系;最后,利用LSTM的时序性预测2h后的水产养殖溶解氧含量。结果表明,本文提出的WT-CNN-LSTM模型预测效果良好,其平均绝对误差、均方根误差和决定系数分别为0.138、0.229和0.954,比传统LSTM模型分别优化了28.87%、21.03%和4.61%。     

池塘养殖增氧方式效果比较

为了解微孔增氧对池塘水体能量流动、水质及养殖效益的影响,对2种不同增氧方式下3个河蟹养殖池塘的养殖周期(4—9月份)进行了水质测定,获得了池塘不同水层的水温、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐及高锰酸钾盐指数数据。结果表明,夏季高温时采用微孔管道增氧能有效降低表层、底层的温差,一定程度上降低底层水温。微孔管道增氧能有效增加水体溶氧,开机90min水体底层溶氧增加速率是普通增氧机的5倍;6—9月份采用微孔增氧的池塘水体较普通增氧,NO2-N低70﹪以上,NH3-N低22.9﹪以上,高锰酸钾盐指数低20﹪以上,取得了较高的经济效益。     

气升式光生物反应器培养微藻溶氧和pH值变化规律研究

为了解决在光生物反应器养殖微藻过程中,溶解氧和pH值2个培养工艺参数的控制问题,分别在80 L、350 L和900 L的3种规格气升式光生物反应器中培养湛江等鞭金藻(lsochrysis zhanjiangensis),高藻细胞浓度分别达到900×104,700×104,500×104cell/mL,测定其中溶氧和pH值的日变化。结果显示,在光照度4 000 lx以上时,湛江等鞭金藻光合作用强,表现为反应器中藻液溶氧较高,日最高溶氧分别可达17.91 mg/L、15.84 mg/L和12.7 mg/L。所测定的藻液日pH值均在7.00~9.16变化。     

过饱和溶氧对大菱鲆生长及消化酶的影响

探讨工程化养殖中过饱和溶氧对大菱鲆生长的影响,通过充入液态氧与空气,使试验水体的溶氧分别达到过饱和溶氧水平(12±1)mg/L和(14±1)mg/L,正常溶氧水平(7.0±0.5)mg/L.结果显示,过饱和溶氧组的大菱鲆生长速度及饵料利用率明显高于正常溶氧组(p<0.05),而在过饱和溶氧条件下与正常溶氧条件下大菱鲆的丰满度无显著差异(P>0.05).对大菱鲆胃、肠道消化酶、脂肪酶与淀粉酶的分析发现,大菱鲆胃蛋白酶活性在过饱和溶氧条件下较正常溶氧有明显提高(p<0.05),而脂肪酶与淀粉酶的酶活力未得到显著性提高(p>0.05).     

枯草芽孢杆菌对海水鱼塘生态因子的影响

为探讨枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)在鱼类养殖池塘中的生态作用,采用直接往养殖水体中投放该制剂的方法,研究分析微生物数量及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌,实验池数量为0.35×10~3~1.45×10~3cfu/m L,对照池为0.04×10~3~0.08×10~3cfu/m L;浮游植物生物量,实验池为0.094~1.521 mg/L,对照池为0.103~0.763 mg/L,实验池中枯草芽孢杆菌数量和浮游植物生物量均高于对照组。试验鱼塘中枯草芽孢杆菌与硅藻数量呈显著正相关,相关系数0.844(P0.05);当溶氧≥6 mg/L时,枯草芽孢杆菌与亚硝酸盐氮含量呈显著负相关,相关系数-0.915(P0.05)。溶氧过低(2 mg/L)时,枯草芽孢杆菌对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮没有明显的降解作用;溶氧≥6 mg/L时,对亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮的降解作用明显。研究表明,投放适量浓度的枯草芽孢杆菌能有效改善养殖水体状况,对水质起到进一步净化作用。     

Survival and growth of the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt: a comparison between suspended and bottom cultures in a subtropical fish farm during summer

The feasibility of co‐culturing the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Brandt in a subtropical fish farm was investigated in a field study. Sea cucumbers were cultured in the fish farm in cages suspended at 4 m deep (suspended culture) and directly on the seafloor (bottom culture). The survival and growth of the sea cucumbers were monitored twice during the 3‐month, summer experimental period (May 26–August 14, 2010). Results showed that the suspension‐cultured sea cucumbers exhibited excellent survival rate (100%) during the whole study period. There also occurred no mortality in the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers during the first culture period (May 26–July 13); but all these died from anoxia caused by water column stratification during the second culture period (July 14–August 14). The specific growth rate of the bottom‐cultured sea cucumbers (1.05 ± 0.21 % day^?1) was nearly double that of the suspended culture animals (0.57 ± 0.21 % day^?1) during the first culture period, and the growth rates of the suspended culture sea cucumbers in the second culture periods (0.46 ± 0.24 % day^?1) was only a little lower than that of the first period. The sea cucumbers H. leucospilota could ingest and assimilate sediment with high organic matter content with an average assimilation efficiency of 14.9 ± 3.9%. This study indicated that fish farm detritus can be effectively used as a food source for the sea cucumber and that it can be turned into a valuable secondary crop in the form of the sea cucumber biomass.