天津春稻和麦茬稻品质特性比较

以天津市培育的优质小站稻品种津川1号和隆优619为供试材料,分析了春稻和麦茬稻品质特性的差异。结果表明,津川1号作麦茬稻的整精米率明显低于作春稻,而垩白粒率显著高于春稻;津川1号麦茬稻的蛋白质含量明显偏高,食味值显著低于春稻;隆优619作春稻和麦茬稻无论在外观、加工、食味还是营养品质方面均无显著差异,是较理想的麦茬连作品种。     

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Stubble Height on Dry Matter Yield,Crude Protein Content and Crude Protein Yield of a Sorghum–Sudangrass Hybrid[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] in the Three‐Cutting System

In this study, the effects of nitrogen (N) rate (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha^?1 applied in three equal dressings at seeding and after the first and second cuttings) and stubble height (7, 14 and 21 cm) on the dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP) content, and CP yield of a sorghum–sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf., cv. Pioneer 988] in the three‐cut system was investigated. The N rate had no significant effect in the first and third cuttings, but in the second cutting DM yields increased significantly with increase in N rate. The highest yield of 9.1 t ha^?1 was obtained with 80 kg N ha^?1 for the average of 2 years at the second cutting, but no significant difference was found among the 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1 rates. CP content and yield were not significantly affected by N rate at the first and third cuttings, but CP content and yield were significantly affected by application of N at the second cutting. Stubble height had a significant effect on CP content at the third cutting. However, it had no significant effect on CP content at the first and second cuttings. Stubble height had a significant effect on the CP yield at the first cutting, but no significant effect on CP yield at the second and third cuttings.     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

红豆草茬地放牧结合补饲青干草对草地羔羊育肥效果的研究

1986～1987年期间在甘肃农大牧草站进行了以红豆草茬地放牧结合补饲青干草对草地羔羊育肥效果的试验。比较了在放牧基础上3种补饲处理(即单燕麦草、单红豆草和燕麦+红豆草混合干草)对两种类型羔羊(即甘肃高山细毛羊和边甘杂种一代羔羊)增重和肉用性能的影响。试验结果表明,7月龄边甘杂种羔羊或9月龄甘高羔羊的期末活重均已超过35公斤,胴体重超过17公斤,屠宰率为47％～49％。     

晚稻机收留高茬紫云英迟播技术的应用效果研究

通过田间试验,研究了双季稻田晚稻机械收获留高茬后紫云英迟播的应用效果。结果表明,与传统紫云英播种技术相比,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播显著缩短了紫云英的生育期,但其盛花期能保持与传统播种技术一致,对下茬早稻作物的种植没有影响;两种播种方法对盛花期鲜草产量、植株养分含量和养分积累量均没有显著影响,说明迟播播种能达到与传统播种一样的肥田目的;迟播对紫云英的种子产量及产量构成因素均没有明显影响,与传统播种技术相比可节约劳动力成本约45元/hm2,且可避免传统播种方法对晚稻植株的伤害。在现代双季稻种植条件下,晚稻机械收获留高茬紫云英迟播技术具有较大的优势和发展前景。     

YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机的研究设计与应用

为了更好地解决“烟草三农”问题，针对我国烟草种植落后的现状和发展趋势，研究和应用具有稳定挖坑和精量施肥等功能YWS-1型烟田挖坑施肥机。通过性能和生产试验测定和效益分析证明，该机具各项技术、性能指标符合设计要求，解决了烟草种植的问题，具有一定的创新特点和较好的推广和应用价值。     

玉米秸秆残茬覆盖对大豆田土壤水温效应的影响

研究了传统耕作、玉米原垄留茬耕作、玉米原垄留茬全覆盖、玉米留茬条带覆盖、浅松覆盖和深松覆盖6种耕作方式下土壤含水率、棵间蒸发量和地温的变化。结果表明,条带覆盖对大豆不同生育期土壤剖面含水率影响最大;其他耕作方式对棵间蒸发的抑制作用均小于传统耕作;日平均地温在苗期变化明显;保护性耕作对日平均地温影响较大,传统耕作最高,留茬全覆盖最低。     

花生旋挖机概念设计

分析了我国目前花生收获机械的优缺点,对其存在的原理性缺陷提出了改进措施.挖掘前进行割蔓处理,用旋挖铲代替传统的牵引式挖掘铲,辅之以红外线花生稞识别技术,可降低挖掘功耗,提高挖掘后的花生果筛分效果;同时,结合花生的物性特征对旋挖部件的运动学参数进行了详细地理论分析,并给出了理想旋挖机的作业方式及功能模块图,为改善目前花生挖掘机械的挖掘效果提供了全新的设计思路.     

一种果园挖坑施肥机结构设计

施肥是果树管理的关键作业环节,对果品质量、产量以及果树的生长起着至关重要的作用。我国的果树施肥机械化水平很低,现有的机械设备只能完成机械钻孔和人工辅助施肥,生产率低,劳动强度大。为此,设计了一种集钻孔、施肥、覆土于一体的果园施肥机械。该果园施肥机主要由齿轮箱总成、传动轴总成、覆土装置、排肥装置、钻孔装置和机架等部分组成。通过三维造型表明,该施肥机使用方便、机械化程度高,能够大大提高作业效率。     

切碎灭茬还田机的研制

国家专利产品4JQM-110型玉米秸秆切碎灭茬还田机,配套动力50-80马力拖拉机,后置双行作业,结构原理独特,利用卧式高速旋转刀,同时完成秸秆切碎和灭茬保墒复式作业,属国内独创.经省级农机专家鉴定,技术属国际领先.灭茬机构模仿人工用钣镢收获玉米秸秆的过程,把砍切刀设计成卧式高速旋转刀,使收获玉米秸秆的过程高速连续化,完成灭茬覆土保墒作业;秸秆切碎机构模仿人工用铡刀铡切玉米秸秆的过程把切刀设计成卧式高速旋转刀,使切碎秸秆过程高速连续化完成秸秆切碎作业.