Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

防风固沙草方格铺设机器人通过性研究

在沙漠沙土物理性能试验的基础上,对轮胎与沙土相互作用力进行计算,得到沙漠牵引车在行驶过程中产生的驱动力,进行了纵向铺草机构滚轮压草阻力试验,依据汽车地面力学理论对草方格铺设机器人的通过性进行了研究,结果表明所设计的机器人在沙漠中具有良好的通过性。     

Movement patterns of seaward migrating European eel (Anguilla anguilla) at a complex of riverine barriers: implications for conservation

River infrastructure such as weirs and hydropower stations commonly present migrating fish with multiple potential passage routes. Knowledge of the cues fish use to navigate such environments is required to protect migrants from hazardous areas and guide them towards safe passage; however, this is currently lacking for many species. Employing high‐resolution positioning telemetry, this study examined movements of downstream migrating adult European eel, Anguilla anguilla, as they encountered a complex of water control structures in one location on the River Stour, southern England. The distribution of eels across five potential routes of passage differed from that predicted based on proportion of discharge alone. Certain routes were consistently avoided, even when the majority of flow passed through them. Passage distribution was partially explained by avoidance in the vicinity of a floating debris boom. Movement paths were nonrandomly distributed across the forebay and eels moved predominantly within a zone 2–4 m from the channel walls. Understanding of avoidance and structure oriented movementation exhibited by eels will help advance effective guidance and downstream passage solutions for adults.     

基于线粒体DNA Cyt b研究城市化对上海金线侧褶蛙遗传结构的影响

城市化在全球范围内快速扩张,已经成为影响物种进化的重要力量。两栖动物的迁移能力较弱,城市化导致两栖类被完全或部分的隔离,丢失更多的遗传多样性。本研究对上海市的金线侧褶蛙(Pelophylax plancyi)的mtDNA Cyt b部分序列进行分析,共扩增出235条序列,获得61个单倍型。研究表明城市区域遗传多样性较低,上海市的金线侧褶蛙分化程度处于中低的水平(Max F_ST=0.296;Min F_ST=0.004),各种群之间遗传分化有限。黄浦江及其支流可能作为水上扩散通道,有助于基因交流,各城市公园之间的遗传分化差异并不显著;而长江阻碍了种群之间的交流,城市公园和郊区,以及岛屿种群之间的遗传分化显著。此外,单倍型网络和系统发育分析表明,上海的金线侧褶蛙并没有对应城市化程度形成相应的单系。     

Movements by adult cutthroat trout in a lotic system: implications for watershed-scale management

Abstract  Movements by adult cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson), were assessed from autumn to summer in the Salt River watershed, Wyoming-Idaho, USA by radio telemetry. Adult cutthroat trout were captured during September and October 2005 in the main stem of the Salt River, surgically implanted with radio transmitters, and tracked through to August 2006. Adult cutthroat trout were relatively sedentary and resided primarily in pools from October to March, but their movement rates increased during April. Higher movement rates were observed among tagged fish during May and early June. Among 43 fish residing in the Salt River during April 2006, 44% remained in the river, 37% moved into mountain tributaries and 19% moved into spring streams during the spawning season. Fish did not use segments of mountain tributaries or the upstream Salt River where fish passage was blocked by anthropogenic barriers or the channel was dewatered during summer. Almost all the fish that moved into spring streams used spring streams where pools and gravel–cobble riffles had been constructed by landowners. The results suggest that adult Snake River cutthroat move widely during May and early June to use spawning habitat in mountain tributaries and improved spring streams. Maintaining the ability of adult fish to move into mountain streams with spawning habitat, preserving spawning habitat in accessible mountain tributaries and removing barriers to upstream movements, and re-establishing summer stream flows in mountain tributaries affected by dams appear to be habitat management alternatives to preserve the Snake River cutthroat trout fishery in the Salt River.     

不同有机酸对大豆生长的化感效应

试验采用发芽试验、水培试验及室内分析相结合的方法研究了经GC－MS检测出的大豆根系分泌物和根茬腐解液中的几种有机酸对大豆种子萌发及幼苗生长发育的化感效应。结果表明：3－硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3，4－二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸等四种有机酸均抑制了大豆种子的萌发，表现在萌发率、胚根长和 胚根干重与对照相比均有所降低，差异达显著或极显著水平，而且有机酸浓度不同，抑制程度也有所差别；3－硝基邻苯二甲酸、邻甲氧基苯甲酸、3，4－二氯苯甲酸、肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸等五种有机酸不同程度地抑制了水培大豆幼苗的生长发育，表现在株高、干物质重、相对生长速率等均低于对照，差异达显著或极显著水平，且随着有机酸浓度的增加，抑制作用增强。     

甘蓝型油菜亲本基因型对其与埃塞俄比亚芥的可交配性影响

以10个甘蓝型油菜品种与埃塞俄比亚芥进行了正反杂交。结果表明,甘蓝型油莱与埃塞俄比亚芥的种间可交配性很低,但在反映可交配性强弱的各个性状上,基因型间的差异显著。甘蓝型油菜作母本时,受精频率和结角率都较反交为低,在获得杂种种子和杂种植株上明显优于反交。约2/3的甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥低生活力杂种种子在组织培养条件下能萌发形成植株,反交的萌发率几乎为零。甘蓝型油菜×埃塞俄比亚芥的F_1植株能与甘蓝型油菜回交,与埃塞俄比亚芥回交不亲和。由于种间杂种F_1植株群体中常出现大量的母型植株,且获得的真杂种种子出苗率又很低,因此提出以F_1杂种植株数为基准的可交配指数来衡量种间可交配性高低。     

根系不同分隔方式下油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦锰营养的影响

通过根系分隔盆栽试验,研究了油菜和鹰嘴豆对小麦生长及锰营养的影响.结果表明:与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作能显著改善小麦生长及锰营养,其地上部干质量和吸收锰量均以根系不分隔处理显著高于根系完全分隔处理,但油菜和鹰嘴豆的生长受小麦抑制,表现为不分隔处理地上部干质量及吸锰量显著低于完全分隔.不施锰小麦/油菜和小麦/鹰嘴豆混作体系中,根系不分隔处理小麦根区土壤DTPA-Mn含量显著高于其他分隔方式,且油菜或鹰嘴豆地上部植株锰含量显著高于相应的混作小麦,在锰胁迫条件下,油菜和鹰嘴豆根系活化的土壤锰可被小麦吸收利用.因此与油菜或鹰嘴豆混作是改善小麦锰营养的有效途径之一.     

kr基因在普通小麦—偃麦草双二倍体背景下的遗传表达分析

通过ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和ＣＳ／Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个双二倍体与黑麦和粘果山羊草的可杂交性，分析了中国春（ＣＳ）的隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体下的遗传表达。结果表明，偃麦草种Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ中可能存在抑制ＣＳ隐性ｋｒ基因在普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体中正常表达的遗传因子，其抑制效应因与普通小麦－偃麦草双二倍体杂交的父本不同而异。同时，Ｔｈ．ｅｌｏｎｇａｔｕｍ和Ｔｈ．ｂｅｓａｒｂｉｃｕｍ两个种中的抑制因子的抑制效应也存在差异。