谷子秸秆剪切力与其饲料营养特性变化规律及相互关系

为探究谷子秸秆力学性质与其饲料特性的变化规律及相互关系，选用谷物完熟期的谷子秸秆，将其分为5段（近根部、中下部、中部、中上部、上部）并每隔7 d进行秸秆节间、茎节力学性质（剪切、压缩）和饲料特性（形态指标、营养成分）测定。试验结果表明：谷物完熟后，随着时间的推进，秸秆节间、茎节剪切力、抗压强度、干物质含量、纤维素含量、半纤维素含量和木质素含量总体上呈增大趋势，而秸秆含水率、当量直径、横截面积、线性密度和粗蛋白含量总体上呈减小趋势。谷子秸秆单位直径剪切力与含水率和线性密度呈负相关关系（R2≥0.903），与其干物质、纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量呈正相关关系（R2≥0.845），与其粗蛋白含量无显著相关关系（P>0.05）。采收期内，谷子秸秆基部起秸秆剪切力至顶部逐渐增大，且剪切力与当量直径、横截面积呈正相关关系（R2≥0.916）。试验表明谷子秸秆饲料特性指标验证试验值与预测值相对误差不大于6.48%，预测模型合理。测量秸秆剪切力可用于预测其形态指标参数和营养成分含量，进而一定程度地反映秸秆饲用价值和反刍动物择食趋向。采收期内，谷子中部及以上秸秆单位直径剪切力显著小于其近根部（P<0.05），更适合饲用；且谷物完熟后，及时采收可避免秸秆饲用价值降低。该研究可为高效利用谷子秸秆资源提供参考。     

湘西南不同石漠化程度土壤理化性质及相关性分析

以湖南省邵阳县郦家坪镇轻度、中度和重度石漠化程度的土壤为研究对象,分别在3种不同石漠化程度的样地采集土壤(0—15cm,15—30cm,30—45cm 3个土层)样品,并对土壤物理性质、养分含量特征及其之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤呈现明显的沙化现象;土壤容重逐渐增大,孔隙度、毛管持水量减小。土壤偏弱酸性;有机质、全N与全P含量变化均表现为中度(弃耕地)轻度重度,Ca、Mg含量随着石漠化程度加深逐渐增加。土壤有机质、全N含量、土壤机械组成、土壤容重、孔隙度等理化因子之间相关性显著(p0.05),其中有机质含量、全N含量与土壤容重之间的相关性极显著(p0.01),Ca含量与pH之间相关性极显著(p0.01)等。随着石漠化程度加深,土壤理化性质逐渐恶化,但整体差异并不显著,表明该地区近年来退化并不强烈。通过施肥和合理的植被恢复模式能够有效的改善石漠化土壤养分含量,间接改善土壤的理化性质,从而提高生产力。     

伏地尖辣椒的种性研究

对长沙、湘潭、株洲、衡阳4个产区的伏地尖辣椒进行了植物学、生物化学等多方面的综合研究.结果表明:单果重和单株结果数量是制约单株产量的主要性状,单株结果数和侧枝数通过制约其它性状对产量产生负作用.辣椒果实发育过程中,维生素C、可溶性糖、蛋白质均随果实生理成熟而增加,至红果时含量最高.单果重与果实维生素C 含量呈极显著负相关.4个产区伏地尖辣椒在果型、株型、早熟性等多个性状上都发生了较大的变异,初步可分为2个类型.     

苦瓜营养品质、主要农艺性状及产量关系的研究

把25份苦瓜品种的13个性状归成单株产量、营养品质性状、果实性状和早熟性状4组,分析13个性状间及4个性状组间的相关性.结果表明,单株产量与果实性状的多元相关高于与营养品质性状的相关,也高于与早熟性状的相关.因早熟性状与单株产量的多元相关不明显,可望育成早熟丰产型苦瓜品种.而主成分分析、遗传相关信息及其贡献的研究结果揭示;通过利用定植至始收天数、果长、蛋白质含量,单果重等遗传相关贡献大的性状选择的亲本进行配组及系统选育,可能获得强的杂种优势或综合性状优良的株系.     

3个优势科树种叶功能性状及其关联特性

以小尺度范围内的木兰科、壳斗科和樟科各8种木本植物为研究对象,从分类单元科与种、功能群角度分析了叶功能性状特征及其关联性。结果表明:壳斗科树种的叶柄直径(1.08±0.22)和比叶面积(SLA)(90.87±25.35)显著低于樟科和木兰科,而樟科和木兰科之间差别不明显。叶含氮量在科间没有显著差异。从功能群比较,常绿树种比叶面积(90.10±23.15)显著低于落叶树种(134.65±27.77),但单位叶面积含氮量常绿树种(1.95±0.50)显著高于落叶树种(1.31±0.26)。在不同功能群中,叶面积与叶柄质量有很好的拟合直线关系。叶氮含量仅在常绿树种与其他叶性状有较好的拟合直线关系。叶性状相关性系数大于0.900的有:群落水平物种间叶面积与叶柄质量之间;功能群水平常绿树种叶面积与叶柄直径和叶柄质量间,落叶树种叶柄质量与叶面积和叶柄长间。其他叶性状间也表现不同程度的相关性,表明叶性状之间存在生长发育非同步也即异速生长现象。     

Changes through time in traits of poplar clones in selection trials

Growth, survival, stem characteristics, resistance to wind, and canker disease of 51 poplar clones were evaluated at age 9 and 10 years, and compared to measurements at age 3 in two trials on the Lower Valley of the Colorado River, Argentina. About 30% of the clones in both trials had large changes in growth rankings at age 9 and 10 compared to rankings at age 3. Canker incidence increased about 4-fold between age 3, and measurements at age 9 and 10. Stem form was in general satisfactory, and wind incidence was almost nil. In trial 1, clones 588–1, Conti 12, 582–41, and 582–5 occupied the upper positions in the growth rankings at age 3 and 10, and the clone 588–1 ranked first both in growth and canker incidence in 1998. Stem growth trajectories of clones with similar growth rates did not differ among clones with, and without canker disease. In trial 2, the range in growth among clones was narrower than in trial 1, and canker disease, although of minor incidence, was present in most clones at age 9. Some of the P. deltoides clones in the trials had similar growth, and less canker disease than the Euroamerican clones commonly grown in the region, but progressive canker incidence should be addressed with additional selection trials.     

Genetic covariation in production traits of sub-adult black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri after grow-out

Predicting the suitability and reliability of traits associated with juvenile growth as indirect selection criteria for choosing future broodstock requires accurate and repeatable estimates of genetic (co)variation for growth traits at different ages. We compared juvenile wet weight of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro) at 6 months of age with wet weight, dressed weight, fillet yield and gonad weight in tagged individuals at 18 months of age, following 12 months of farm grow‐out. Fish survival and tag retention was high, and there was significant among‐family variation for all traits. The phenotypic correlations among wet weight, dressed weight and fillet yield at 18 months of age were very high (0.93–0.97) and similar to their genetic correlations (0.96). Importantly, the phenotypic correlations between wet weight at 6 months and wet weight, dressed weight and fillet yield at 18 months were high (0.63–0.65), and so too were their genetic correlations (0.66–0.73), indicating the potential for using wet weight in the hatchery as a selection criterion for improved weight and meat yield of fish at harvest. Gonad weight shared little or no phenotypic or genetic correlation with these other traits, suggesting that selection for faster growing fish will not affect fecundity or sexual maturation rate. It appears, however, that cultured black bream do become sexually mature more rapidly than wild fish, as 78% of all fish harvested in this study had developing or mature gonads, whereas less than 50% of fish in wild populations are reproductively mature by the same age. Precocious sexual development may lead to uncontrolled spawning in grow‐out ponds and a potential loss of selection gains.     

Character Associations Among Grain Yield, Biological Yield and Harvest Index

The harvest index Z is defined, for example for cereals, as the ratio between grain yield X and biological yield Y: Z = X/Y. In this paper the character associations among biological yield, grain yield and harvest index have been investigated theoretically by calculating the covariances and correlation coefficients between harvest index and grain yield and, additionally, between harvest index and biological yield. Explicit formulae are derived for these covariances and correlation coefficients and conclusions are derived and discussed. Many facts and relations among these characters which are well-known and frequently established by many experimental studies with quite different crops can be obtained and characterized by these theoretical investigations as necessary implications of the underlying statistical relationships.
Finally, all the theoretical studies and results are demonstrated and applied to a numerical example of winter-rapeseed data.     

Genetic relationships between attributes in sugarcane clones closely related to Saccharum spontaneum

Summary Saccharum spontaneum is being used in sugarcane breeding programs in attempt to improve characteristics such as ratooning ability and stress tolerance. A population of F₁ (Saccharum officinarum or commercial variety x S. spontaneum) and F₁ x F₁ sugarcane clones was evaluated for sugar yield and a range of yield components in a plant and two ratoon crops. The aim was to determine genetic correlations between attributes in clones with a large component of S. spontaneum, that could be used to help derive appropriate selection indices in such populations.There were close associations between the same attributes measured in different crop-years and the associations between different attributes were generally similar across crop-years. Stalk number and fibre content were positively correlated, as were stalk weight and CCS. The latter two attributes (which are low in S. spontaneum but high in S. officinarum) were negatively correlated with the former two (high in S. spontaneum, low in S. officinarum). Sugar yield was more closely associated with stalk weight and CCS than with stalk number but became more closely associated with stalk number with successive ratoon crops.CCS was positively correlated (r_g=0.55) with cane yield in the plant crop but showed a small negative correlation with cane yield (r_g=–0.20) in the second ratoon crop. CCS (measured in any crop) also had a negative correlation with cane yield in the ratoon crops expressed as a percentage of plant cane yield. This suggests that CCS is negatively correlated with levels of traits contributing to ratooning ability. Intensive selection among such populations for CCS without consideration of ratooning performance may reduce the frequency of favourable specific ratooning characteristics.Abbreviations CCS commercial cane sugar     

Selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum in wheat

Summary A population of 572 F₂ derived F₃ lines from six crosses were used to estimate parameters relevant to selection for resistance to Septoria nodorum of wheat. Lines were grown in disease free (fungicide sprayed) and inoculated microplots in 2 replications of a split-plot design in a single environment in 1977. Average yield reduction due to disease was approximately 50%; this was associated with an average septoria score of 50% on the flag leaf, an average septoria score of 42% on the head, and a reduction of 37% in seed weight. Low S. nodorum scores were correlated with late heading date, tall plant height, high grain yield, and high seed weight in diseased plots, and high seed weight % (seed weight in diseased plots expressed as a percentage of seed weight in fungicide sprayed plots).Restricted selection indexes were used to study the relative contributions of disease escape, true resistance, and tolerance to variability in grain yield in diseased plots, seed weight in diseased plots, and seed weight %. True resistance appeared to be the most important factor causing variation in grain yield in diseased plots and seed weight %. Tolerance and escape seemed to be more important for seed weight in diseased plots.Heritabilities of S. nodorum scores on the flag leaf and head were 63% and 52%, respectively. Leaf and head scores could be used most effectively as selection criteria to upgrade resistance in a population before harvest.Selection for high seed weight % slightly reduced yields in disease free plots, although yield in diseased plots and seed weight in diseased plots were increased. However, selection for increased yield or increased seed weight in diseased plots improved yield in disease free plots. It is suggested that direct selection for yield or seed weight in diseased plots is likely to achieve more desirable goals than selection for seed weight %.