贵州草海表层沉积物重金属污染特征与源解析

为探明草海沉积物中重金属的污染水平和来源,将沉积物重金属与贵州表生沉积物地球化学背景值进行比较,阐述重金属沉积特征,以生物效应浓度为参考,评价重金属对水生生物的危害性;利用主成分分析法（PCA）、正定矩阵因子分析法（PMF）两种模型解析重金属污染源。结果显示,沉积物中只有Cu、Cr平均含量未超过背景值,Cd、Zn、Hg、As、Pb相对背景值的超标率分别为100%、95.23%、92.86%、83.33%、66.67%,Cu、Cr的含量大多低于效应浓度低值（ERL）,部分样本的Cd、Hg、Zn含量大于效应浓度中值（ERM）限值范围;两种模型均识别出4种污染源,分别为地表径流源占13.31%,人为活动源占45.13%,地质背景源占38.32%,大气沉降源占3.24%。研究表明,两种模型解析的污染源均可得到很好的表达,说明沉积物中重金属来源明确,在制定污染防治措施时应重视人为活动的影响。     

人工湿地砷污染去除研究进展

砷在环境中普遍存在,因其高毒性,世界卫生组织将砷污染列为重大公共卫生问题。因此,科学家们在不断寻求科学有效的砷污染去除方法。人工湿地砷污染去除系统自上世纪七十年代推出以来,因其环境友好、成本低廉的特性得到蓬勃发展,快速成为绿色环保修复技术之一。人工湿地被认为是理想的砷富集去除场所,其对砷污染的去除方式主要通过植物和微生物相互作用及腐殖酸强化修复来实现。本文通过砷污染治理历史及技术发展、人工湿地的兴起及砷在湿地生态系统中的赋存状态以及人工湿地生态系统砷污染去除三个方面综述了人工湿地砷污染去除的研究进展。通过大量文献综述分析,我们认为在人工湿地砷污染去除的后续研究工作中,应着重研究砷在湿地生态系统中的扩散迁移及演变规律,构建湿地生态系统沉水-浮水-挺水植物立体结构,并不断探索植物-微生物及腐殖酸强化修复对砷污染的协同阻滞及界面作用。     

基于公平与效率的地表水污染物总量分配优化模型

污染物总量控制是改善地表水环境质量行之有效的方法,如何进行总量分配是开展总量控制工作的重点和难点。以公平和效率作为总量分配的基础,以某汽车制造集团的地表水污染物总量分配为实例,以现状排放量和单位产值作为聚类分析依据,将目标单位划分为"重点削减单位"和"关注削减单位",制订了总量分配方案。该模型对污染物总量分配技术可行性的研究与完善具有一定的参考价值。     

Reducing the potential for processing contaminant formation in cereal products

Processing contaminants may be defined as substances that are produced in a food when it is cooked or processed, are not present or are present at much lower concentrations in the raw, unprocessed food, and are undesirable either because they have an adverse effect on product quality or because they are potentially harmful. The presence of very low levels of processing contaminants in common foods is becoming an increasingly important issue for the food industry, as developments in analytical techniques and equipment bring foods under closer and closer scrutiny. This review considers the formation of lipid oxidation products, hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to prevent lipid oxidation and the associated risk of trans fatty acid formation. The formation of acrylamide in the Maillard reaction is described, as well as the genetic and agronomic approaches being taken to reduce the acrylamide-forming potential of cereal grain. The multiple routes for the formation of furan and associated chemicals, including hydroxymethylfurfuryl, are also described. The evolving regulatory and public perception situations for these processing contaminants and their implications for the cereal supply chain are discussed, emphasising the need for cereal breeders to engage with the contaminants issue.     

浙西南竹笋主产县土壤重金属环境质量分析与评价

为了解浙西南山区主产县（区、市）竹笋基地土壤重金属的状况,保障竹笋质量安全,选择安吉、临安、余杭等8 个县44 个竹笋基地,采集132 份土壤样品进行As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn 7 种重金属的含量分析,以森林食品产地环境通用要求(LY/T 1678—2014)为依据,进行单因子污染指数、综合污染指数评价。结果表明：研究区域7 种重金属含量范围分别为0.79~24.80、0.03~1.05、7.64~316.69、0.00~4.50、2.47~232.21、5.33~542.20、38.63~436.84 mg/kg;变异系数在64.5%~268.5%之间;综合污染指数大小顺序为富阳＞安吉＞德清＞余杭＞临安＞龙游＞莲都＞遂昌。相关分析和聚类分析结果表明：Cd、Zn和As 可能具有同源性或是伴生关系;As、Hg、Cr、Cu和Pb 呈现相互伴随的复合污染现象;而Cd表现其独特的污染来源。8 个县竹笋生产基地土壤重金属环境质量总体良好;部分地区Pb、Hg和Cd处于轻度及以上污染水平,栽培和生产中应采取一定的措施防控Pb、Hg和Cd污染。     

三大沿海城市群滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响模式

随着陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的干扰日益强烈,研究滨海湿地陆源人类活动影响规律对于滨海湿地资源管理和保护具有重要的现实意义.以我国三大沿海城市群(环渤海湾、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲)滨海湿地为研究对象,分别选取围海造地(直接因子)和流域污染物(营养盐、非点源无机污染物)输入(间接因子)表征1990-2000年间滨海湿地的陆源人类活动影响强度及规律.研究发现,虽然围海造地仍然以农业用地为主(＞50％),但城市建设用地比例随人口城市化率增高而增加,以珠江三角洲城市群最高;在环渤海湾和珠江三角洲城市群区域超过60％的滨海湿地面积受到高或中等污染物输入强度影响,长江三角洲城市群区域则有44.7％的滨海湿地面积处于中等污染物输入强度及以上.通过叠加围海造地和污染物输入双重陆源人类活动的综合影响强度表明,珠江三角洲城市群平均强度指数达到0.79,且处于中等及以上影响强度区域面积比例达到78％,均高于其他两个城市群滨海湿地区域.空间分析结果表明,陆源人类活动对滨海湿地的强影响区域多集中分布于河流人海口、较为发达城市滨海区以及海岸线附近.     

区域污染物削减模型的研究

在深入研究当前区域污染物削减模型的基础上,综合考虑区域污染整体现状,区域企业的经济状况、排污情况以及企业污水的实际处理难度等问题,对企业排污及其对区域经济发展贡献是否相匹配作出合理的分析,强调重视公平和效率原则,提出了污染源评价数的概念,并以此为依据将企业划分等级分别进行污染物削减的计算,建立了企业级别上的污染物削减模型。     

Detection of β2-agonists in milk replacer

₂-Agonist drugs may be illegally used as growth promoters for feedlot calves, when mixed into milk replacer immediately before feeding. To check for the presence of clenbuterol, salbutamol and terbutaline in such food, an analytical system was established using a screening method based on two commercial qualitative competitive ELISA tests, with antibodies raised against the arylamino group and thet-butyl group. The extraction procedure was based on precipitation of the milk samples with acetonitrile followed by filtration. The absence of any significant interference by other substances in the filtrate allowed detection of ₂-agonist drugs in spiked samples at the lowest concentration having a repartitioning effect (50 ppb for clenbuterol, mabuterol and terbutaline, 500 ppb for salbutamol). In view of a false positive response with tetracycline in milk samples and a cross-reaction between clenbuterol and mabuterol, an HPLC-MS technique was developed which, after extraction and purification of the samples with SPE C18 Polar Plus, was able to confirm the presence of these drugs. The good recovery after extraction (ranging from 84% to 90.2%) and the low detection limit with this method (250 ng/ml for clenbuterol, mabuterol and terbutaline, and 2.5 µg/ml for salbutamol) allowed easy confirmation and simultaneous detection of the four ₂-agonists at the lowest concentrations at which they are used in adulterated milk for calves.Abbreviations B optical density of the sample - B maximal optical density in total absence of competition - %B/B ₀ percentage of inhibition - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - EIA enzyme immunoassay - HPLC-MS high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry - m/z mass to charge ratio - ppb parts per billion - ppm parts per million - SPE solid-phase extraction     

Comparability of and Alternatives to Leaching Tests for the Assessment of the Emission of Inorganic Soil Contamination (11 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background

The suitability of leaching tests for the assessment of soil water concentrations is a controversial issue. The aim of this paper is to review and critically discuss the applicability and comparability of leaching tests in the scope of groundwater risk assessment of inorganic contamination and to discuss soil water sampling methods as alternative.

Main Features

First, the theoretical background of leaching tests and the main leaching controlling parameters (pH, redox, ionic strength, reaction kinetics, surface, and speciation) are discussed. Experience with common batch leaching tests (the German DEV S4 test (S4), saturation soil extraction (SSE), ammonia nitrate extraction (ANE), and pHstatic tests) are compiled and an emphasis is set on the comparability of the results of batch leaching tests. Additionally, the comparability between batch tests and column tests is discussed and comparison studies are reviewed. As a feasible alternative, soil water sampling strategies (the suction cup method and centrifugation) are outlined.

Results and Conclusions

For an expedient application of leaching tests, it is crucial to identify the main release controlling parameters, which can be both site and contaminant specific. Possible controlling parameters are, for example, pH, redox conditions, specific surface area of the investigated material, liquid to solid-ratio, ionic strength, cation exchange capacity, DOC, speciation, temperature and contact time. It depends on the release process of the contaminant in the investigated material, which parameters are influencing the release predominantly. The following questions have to be answered: Is the release process availability controlled or solubility controlled and are there kinetic limitations? Suction cups are particularly useful for long-term monitoring. In contrast, centrifugation is a fast and simple method to sample soil water also at larger and heterogeneous sites. SSE or similar batch tests for coarse material are suitable if the soil water cannot be investigated directly. Contaminant concentrations of the SSE fit best to contaminant concentrations in soil water compared to other leaching tests. Concentrations measured with S4 tests are usually significantly lower than in real soil water due to the unrealistically high liquid to solid-ratio. The ANE is used for the evaluation of plant uptake. It does not represent realistic soil water concentrations. Cationic contaminants are usually significantly higher concentrated in ANE eluates. pHstatic tests provide an evaluation of the pH dependency of contaminant release and buffer capacity of the investigated material. It provides indications to release processes and often explains deviations in the results of different leaching tests. Previous practical experience and fundamental research studies show that a conversion of leaching test results, as is proposed by the (already withdrawn) DIN V 19735, is impossible. Correlations of results from different methods, regarding different kinds of materials and different sites, are not significant. This is due to different leaching processes.

Recommendation

. For short-term risk assessment, soil water should be sampled and investigated directly by suction cups (for monitoring purposes) or centrifugation (for inventory purposes). If this is not possible, the SSE or analogous batch tests for coarse material with a narrow L/S ratio should be applied. A suggestion could be a modified saturation soil extraction where a soil column is saturated and the eluate is removed by suction at the bottom of the column. With this method, an unsaturated column test could follow in the same vessel. In order to assess the long-term leaching behavior, total contents of the investigated material have to be taken into account additionally. Furthermore, it is essential to understand the dominant physical and chemical release processes and to figure out the main leaching controlling parameters. Therefore, the following methods are recommended: pHstatic tests at different pH values provide an insight to leaching processes and possible future leaching scenarios. Batch tests similar to the S4 procedure with different L/S ratios are useful to find out whether the release process is solubility or availability controlled. Additionally, this method allows the determination of maximum solubility and maximum availability, respectively. Furthermore, unsaturated column tests provide an insight into leaching processes and releasable amounts even though they require great experimental effort. Other leaching tests like S4 or ANE are not suitable for the estimation of soil water concentrations.     

天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物的分布特征和污染源分析

通过野外采样法,分析了天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物中能反映污染物来源的地球化学参数(菲/蒽、甲基菲指数及甲基菲/菲)的空间分布特征,初步讨论了不同环境功能区多环芳烃污染物的来源。结果表明,天津市区、近郊区和汉沽、塘沽的污染物主要是汽车尾气、工业和生活燃煤等不完全燃烧产物的近源沉降;蓟县北部、宝坻西南部、武清西北部的污染物主要为北京地区的大气输入,此外由于当地工业和民用燃料以燃煤和木材燃烧为主,所以当地的煤烟型污染也有一定的贡献;三大排污河污灌区及其附近土壤中的主要污染物为工业油类;大港区的主要污染物是随风迁移来的煤燃烧的产物,而大港油田在开发储运过程中的原油泄露造成的污染贡献并不显著。静海县土壤中的主要污染物为远距离迁移而来的化石燃料的燃烧产物。