鸡Ii结合Rab5a和Rab7b分子的分析

本研究旨在探明鸡恒定链（invariant chain，Ii）与内吞体转运蛋白Rab5a和Rab7b结合的结构域和在细胞内共定位的特征。首先，用PCR和基因突变技术将Ii胞浆区与跨膜区[Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}]、Ii CLIP （class Ⅱ-associated invariant chain peptide）-三聚体区[Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}]和Ii突变体[Ii_{（M81-87aa）}、Ii_{（M91-99aa）}和Ii_{（M81-99aa）}]分别插入pET-32a和pEGFP-C1构建相应的原核和真核重组质粒。其次，将构建的含有绿色荧光蛋白的重组质粒与实验室保存的含有红色荧光Rab5a和Rab7b的重组质粒共转染至人胚胎肾细胞系293 T，观察它们的共定位。将构建的原核重组质粒进行表达和纯化，最后用拉下法和免疫印迹检测Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b的结合域。结果表明，成功构建Ii结构域及Ii突变体的重组质粒。Ii_{（Cyt-Tra）}及Ii突变体均能与Rab5a和Rab7b在细胞内共定位，而Ii_{（CLIP-TRIM）}与空载体却不能。Ii的胞浆区和跨膜区是与Rab5a和Rab7b结合的功能结构域，而不是CLIP与三聚体区。综上所述，鸡Ii与Rab5a和Rab7b共定位和结合的区域是其胞浆区和跨膜区，而不是内质网腔区。这些结果提示Rab分子参与了Ii在胞内细胞器的转运机制，为进一步研究Ii及其载体在细胞内的转运机制和功能提供了新的途径。     

小麦苗期根系性状的全基因组关联分析与优异位点挖掘

【目的】植物根系对水分及营养的获取、作物的生长发育和产量的形成至关重要。挖掘小麦苗期根系性状显著关联的SNP位点,预测相关候选基因,为解析小麦根系建成遗传机制及选育具有优良根系构型的小麦品种奠定基础。【方法】以189份小麦品种组成的自然群体为供试材料,调查2种培养条件（霍格兰营养液和去离子水）下培育21 d的苗期根系总长度（TRL）、根系总表面积（TRA）、根系总体积（TRV）、根系平均直径（ARD）及根系干重（RDW）等5个根系性状,试验进行2次重复,同时结合小麦660K SNP芯片的分型结果进行全基因组关联分析（genome-wide association study,GWAS）。此外,通过序列比对、结构域分析和注释信息预测候选基因,并采用竞争性等位基因特异性PCR(kompetitive allele specific PCR,KASP)技术开发根系性状的分子标记。【结果】霍格兰营养液培养条件下的根系性状变异范围较大,根系整体粗短;而去离子水条件下的根系细长、侧根较多。选用贝叶斯信息与连锁不平衡迭代嵌套式模型（BLINK）、压缩式混合线性模型（CMLM）、固定随机循环概率模型（...     

猪流行性腹泻病毒N蛋白与Vero E6核仁蛋白Fibrillarin的亚细胞定位分析

为鉴定猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)核衣壳蛋白(N)与Vero E6细胞核仁fibrillarin蛋白的亚细胞定位的特征.本实验参照GenBank中人细胞fibrillarin基因(M59849.1)序列,设计并合成特异性引物,利用RT-PCR方法扩增了Vero E6细胞的fibrillarin基因,并将其克隆于真核表达载体pDsRed2-N1中,构建重组质粒pDsRed-Fib.将pDsRed-Fib与本实验室构建的含有PEDV N基因的重组质粒pAcGFP-N,共转染Vero E6细胞.Western blot结果表明fibrillarin及N融合蛋白在转染的Vero E6细胞中均获得表达;利用共聚焦显微镜观察显示在共转染Vero E6细胞中PEDV N蛋白与Vero E6细胞核仁中的fibrillarin发生共定位.该结果为进一步研究PEDV和核仁蛋白相互作用奠定基础.     

鸡Rab7b在细胞晚期内吞体定位和结合恒定链的分子特征

Rab蛋白是介导胞内活性蛋白转运的分子家族。恒定链（invariant chain，Ii）具有协助抗原肽转运、B细胞成熟和作为细胞因子的受体等免疫学功能。前期研究发现，鸡（Gallus gallus）Rab5a在细胞早期内吞体中与Ii结合，但不清楚是否还有其他转运蛋白有该特性。基于Rab7b分子定位于晚期内吞体，并与胞内分子转运相关，本研究探索了鸡Rab7b与Ii结合的分子结构特征。首先，用自行设计的引物扩增了鸡和小鼠（Mus musculus）Rab7b基因，并进行了氨基酸同源性比对分析；构建了含鸡Rab7b及其67位氨基酸突变体Rab7bQ67L的原核和真核重组质粒。其次，将含红色荧光蛋白和目的基因的重组质粒转染鼠巨噬细胞系Raw264.7，培养后用绿色荧光素（FITC）标记的鼠抗晚期内吞体蛋白1（LAMP1）抗体染色，观察目的蛋白在内吞体的定位。进一步将鸡Rab7b和Rab7bQ67L分别与Ii共转染293T细胞，观察它们与Ii的共定位。最后用拉下法和免疫印迹检测鸡Rab7b及Rab7bQ67L与Ii的结合。结果表明，所克隆获得的鸡Rab7b基因与预期大小一致，其开放阅读框为624 bp，编码208个氨基酸。鸡和鼠的Rab7b蛋白质结构相似性为74%。尽管鸡Rab7b和突变体Rab7bQ67L均能结合Ii，但只有Rab7b可以定位于晚期内吞体，而突变体却改变了该定位特性。综上所述，鸡Rab7b与Ii不仅在晚期内吞体共定位，而且还能互相结合；鸡Rab7b的第67位氨基酸影响其在细胞内定位而不影响与Ii结合。综上表明，Rab分子参与了Ii在细胞内细胞器的转运，为进一步研究Ii在细胞内的转运机制提供了新的途径。     

Molecular Characteristics of Chicken Rab7b in Localization and Binding Invariant Chain in Late Cell Endocytosis

Rab is a family of molecules that mediate the transport of active proteins in cells. The invariant chain (Ii) has the immunological functions of assisting antigen peptide transport, B cell maturation, and acting as the receptor of cytokines. Previous studies showed that Rab5a of chicken (Gallus gallus) is bound to Ii in the early endocytosis, but it is not clear whether there are other Rab molecules with this property. Based on the localization of Rab7b in late endocytosis and its relationship with intracellular molecular transport, this study explored the molecular structure of Rab7b binding to Ii. First, Rab7b genes of chicken and mouse (Mus musculus) were amplified with self-designed primers, and the amino acid homology was analyzed; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic recombinant plasmids containing Rab7b and its 67 amino acid mutant Rab7bQ67L were constructed. Secondly, the recombinant plasmid containing red fluorescent protein and target gene was transfected into mouse macrophage line Raw264.7. After culture, the recombinant plasmid was stained with FITC labeled mouse anti late endosomal protein 1 (LAMP1) antibody to observe the localization of the target protein. Furthermore, chicken Rab7b and Rab7bQ67L were co-transfected with Ii to observe their co-localization with Ii. Finally, the binding of Rab7b and its mutants to Ii were detected by pull-down technique and Western blotting. The results showed that the Rab7b gene was the same size as expected, and its open reading frame was 624 bp, encoding 208 amino acids. The homology of Rab7b protein structure between chicken and mouse was 74%. Although both Rab7b and Rab7bQ67L could bind to Ii, it was Rab7b rather than Rab7bQ67L could locate in the late endocytosis. In conclusion, Rab7b and Ii were not only co-located in the late endocytosis, but also combined with each other; the 67th amino acid of Rab7b affected its location in cells but not with Ii. These results suggest that Rab molecules are involved in the transport of Ii in intracellular organelles, which provides a new way to further study the mechanism of Ii transport in cells.     

重金属复合处理对小麦锌铜镍镉积累和分布的影响

为增加粮食可食用部分有益元素的浓度,同时减少有毒重金属元素的含量,需要更好地了解元素在植株和籽粒内的运输和分布。在温室盆栽条件下,以春小麦为供试材料,设置对照（不添加重金属）和重金属复合处理（同时添加铜、锌、镍、镉,以不影响小麦生长为前提）,研究锌（Zn）、铜（Cu）、镍（Ni）、镉（Cd）在成熟植株和籽粒不同部位的分布特点。结果表明,重金属复合处理对小麦成熟期籽粒和秸秆产量、收获指数以及粒重均无显著影响,但使小麦各器官重金属浓度均显著增加,增幅因不同器官和不同元素而异,籽粒中Zn、Cu、Ni和Cd浓度分别增加1.8、0.5、48.1倍和45.3倍。重金属复合处理还显著改变了Zn和Ni在地上部各器官中的分配模式：对照小麦吸收的Zn更易向生殖器官中转运,处理植株则更多地滞留在营养器官中,而Ni呈相反的趋势。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）对籽粒糊粉层和胚乳的定量分析表明,重金属复合处理使糊粉层Zn和Cu浓度仅增加了78%和86%,而糊粉层Ni和Cd浓度分别增加了30倍和121倍。重金属复合处理使胚乳Zn和Cu浓度分别增加了49%和48%,使Ni和Cd浓度均超出小麦标准中Ni和Cd的最大允许浓度（对照籽粒胚乳中没有检验到Ni和Cd）。以上结果表明,在小麦生物强化实践中,在增加有益营养元素（如Cu和Zn）的同时亦存在有毒重金属（如Ni和Cd）超标的巨大风险。     

日本鳗鲡TRAF3基因的克隆及功能研究

为探究鱼类TRAF3在鱼类抗病毒免疫应答中的功能及作用机制,实验利用逆转录PCR克隆获得了日本鳗鲡TRAF3转录本 (AjTRAF3),利用生物信息学软件分析了AjTRAF3的结构特征,利用实时荧光定量 PCR(qPCR)、双荧光素酶报告系统以及免疫共沉淀等方法对其表达规律、功能及作用机理进行了初步分析。AjTRAF3的开放阅读框长度为1 707 bp,编码568个氨基酸。序列结构分析结果显示,AjTRAF3由N端的环结构域2个锌指结构域以及1个螺旋结构域和C端高度保守的TRAF-C (MATH)结构域组成。qPCR结果显示,AjTRAF3在日本鳗鲡各组织中均有表达,脑组织中表达量最高,其次为头肾,心脏中的表达量最低。Poly I:C刺激6 h后,日本鳗鲡脾脏组织中AjTRAF3上调倍数最高,为对照组的15.83倍。迟缓爱德华氏菌感染24 h后,日本鳗鲡脾脏组织中AjTRAF3上调倍数最高,为对照组的31.47倍。此外,本研究构建了AjTRAF3真核表达质粒,发现过表达AjTRAF3能显著上调炎症及抗病毒相关基因的表达,可显著增强AjIFN2、AjIFN4和NF-κB启动子荧光素酶活性。并能显著上调由AjRIG-IN、AjMAVS、AjIRF3诱导的AjIFN2、AjIFN4和NF-κB启动子活性。免疫荧光结果显示,AjTRAF3主要定位于细胞质中,且与AjMAVS存在共定位。免疫共沉淀结果显示,AjTRAF3通过MATH结构域与AjMAVS相互结合,缺失该结构域后,其与AjMAVS的相互作用消失,推测AjTRAF3可通过介导RIG-I/MAVS信号转导途径调控鱼类的抗病毒免疫应答。本研究结果为进一步揭示鱼类TRAF3的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

重金属复合处理对小麦锌铜镍镉积累和分布的影响

为增加粮食可食用部分有益元素的浓度,同时减少有毒重金属元素的含量,需要更好地了解元素在植株和籽粒内的运输和分布。在温室盆栽条件下,以春小麦为供试材料,设置对照(不添加重金属)和重金属复合处理(同时添加铜、锌、镍、镉,以不影响小麦生长为前提),研究锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、镉(Cd)在成熟植株和籽粒不同部位的分布特点。结果表明,重金属复合处理对小麦成熟期籽粒和秸秆产量、收获指数以及粒重均无显著影响,但使小麦各器官重金属浓度均显著增加,增幅因不同器官和不同元素而异,籽粒中Zn、Cu、Ni和Cd浓度分别增加1.8、0.5、48.1倍和45.3倍。重金属复合处理还显著改变了Zn和Ni在地上部各器官中的分配模式:对照小麦吸收的Zn更易向生殖器官中转运,处理植株则更多地滞留在营养器官中,而Ni呈相反的趋势。激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(LA-ICP-MS)对籽粒糊粉层和胚乳的定量分析表明,重金属复合处理使糊粉层Zn和Cu浓度仅增加了78%和86%,而糊粉层Ni和Cd浓度分别增加了30倍和121倍。重金属复合处理使胚乳Zn和Cu浓度分别增加了49%和48%,使Ni和Cd浓度均超出小麦标准中Ni和Cd的最大允许浓...     

Legumain基因在斑马鱼胚胎发育中的表达分析

为明确天冬酰胺内肽酶(legumain)基因在斑马鱼发育中的表达特性,利用全胚胎原位杂交的方法检测legumain在斑马鱼胚胎发育过程中的表达分布情况,并采用双色原位杂交的方法研究legumain和泛髓系细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞的共定位情况。结果显示,legumain转录本为母系表达,在胚胎发育早期泛在性表达。在受精18h后在造血组织有特异的高丰度表达。双色原位杂交显示,legumain和泛髓系细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞有共定位表达。结果提示legumain在斑马鱼发育过程中有重要作用,在巨噬细胞中高表达并参与相关生理功能的完成。     

Distribution and function of LMW glutenins,HMW glutenins,and gliadins in wheat doughs analyzed with ‘in situ’ detection and quantitative imaging techniques

The different gluten subunits, gliadins, LMW glutenins, and HMW glutenins have been reported to play different key roles in different type of wheat products. This paper studied the interaction between gliadin, LMW and HMW glutenins in soft, hard and durum semolina flour doughs during different stages of mixing. In order to see how do the gluten subunits (gliadin, LMW glutenin and HMW glutenin) redistribute during mixing, dough samples were taken at maximum strength and 10 min after maximum strength. The doughs have been mixed with the same level of added water (55%), therefore they all have different strengths values due to their changes in proteins content. Oscillatory rheological measurements were performed on the doughs. It has been found that HMW glutenins are relatively immobile because of their less molecular mobility and do no redistribute themselves especially at high strength for doughs such as hard wheat flour. LMW glutenins and gliadins on the other hand redistribute themselves at even at high dough strengths forming a more stable network. In weaker doughs such as soft wheat, the breakdown of the three proteins subunits is responsible for the decay in dough strength. We have also visualized how the greater amount of LMW glutenins in semolina is in constant interaction with HMW glutenins and gliadins allowing the dough to maintain a stable strength for an extended mixing time. Finally, we have found the ‘in situ’ detection and quantitative analysis techniques to be more sensitive to the changes occurring in the gluten network of the dough than the oscillatory rheological analysis.