Distribution of total and extractable forms of iron,manganese, and aluminum in development of rice soils of saga polder lands

The distribution of pedogenic oxides of Fe, Mn, and Al was described for rice soils of Saga polder lands and its relationship to soil development with time was investigated. The distribution of Mn largely parallelled that of Fe and in response to the soil development their accumulation occurred in the B horizons of the profiles. Manganese was the clement most susceptible to downward movement, which lad to a pronounced lowering of extractable Mn content in the surface horizons in well-developed soil morphology. By contrast, this is not the case for Al which, in general, had little change in extractable Al and a slight increase in total Al with depth as the time increased. Apparently the distribution of Mn was largely governed by the extent of reduction processes, whereas in the Al distribution clay migration may be a principal controlling factor. The distribution of Fe may be due chiefly to the reduction processes, with some contribution from the clay migration.     

Identification, pathogenicity and distribution of Penicillium spp. isolated from garlic in two regions in Argentina

A total of 147 samples of garlic ( Allium sativum ) bulbs affected by blue mould were obtained from a variety of agroclimatic districts between December 1999 and February 2000. Penicillium species were identified using both morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Penicillium allii was the predominant species isolated (81·8%) in this survey and the only species proven to be pathogenic on garlic. Other species were isolated much less frequently: P. chrysogenum (13·7%), P. brevicompactum (2·8%), P. phoeniceum (0·9%), P. aurantiogriseum (0·6%) and P. flavigenum (0·2%). Colonies of P. allii could be classified into four morphotypes and their distribution seemed to be influenced by seed trade and agricultural practices. Penicillium allii isolates were grouped into three aggressiveness phenotypes (low, medium and high) based on their ability to cause disease during field trials on susceptible (Fuego INTA) and less susceptible (Castaño INTA) garlic cultivars. The number of surviving plants at 191 days after planting and postharvest bulb weight contributed the most towards aggressiveness modelling.     

放线菌分类研究进展

综述了放线菌分类地位的演变和分类研究方法,以及国内放线菌分类现状,并对放线菌分类研究进行了展望.     

Cytotoxic constituents of Alectra and Striga species

Decimation of cereal growth and yields by hemiparasitic Striga species cannot be accounted for entirely by the removal of host‐plant resources. The production of toxic compounds by the parasite has been suggested. An investigation of three species of the economically important Striga and the related Alectra vogelii has now resulted in the isolation of eight iridoid glucosides (mussaenosidic acid, mussaenoside, gardoside methyl ester, bartsioside, isoaucubin, melittoside, aucubin and eurostoside), two caffeoyl phenylethyl glycosides (calceolarioside  A and verbascoside) as well as shikimic acid and trigonelline, all identified by NMR spectroscopy. The iridoids are potent cytotoxins and probably represent an anti‐herbivore defence system common to Scrophulariaceae (sensu lato). This has the potential to explain differences in tolerance apparent for contrasting host taxa and cultivars. The nature of the iridoids present also provides additional validation of the recent transferral of parasitic Scrophulariaceae (s.l.) to Orobanchaceae.     

Good Practices in Sponge Natural Product Studies: Revising Vouchers with Isomalabaricane Triterpenes

Species misidentification in the field of natural products is an acknowledged problem. These errors are especially widespread in sponge studies, albeit rarely assessed and documented. As a case study, we aim to revisit reports of isomalabaricane triterpenes, isolated from four demosponge genera: Jaspis, Geodia, Stelletta and Rhabdastrella. From a total of 44 articles (1981–2022), 27 unique vouchers were listed, 21 of which were accessed and re-examined here: 11 (52.4%) of these were misidentified. Overall, 65.9% of the studies published an incorrect species name: previously identified Jaspis and Stelletta species were all in fact Rhabdastrella globostellata. We conclude that isomalabaricane triterpenes were isolated from only two Rhabdastrella species and possibly one Geodia species. In addition to shedding a new light on the distribution of isomalabaricane triterpenes, this study is an opportunity to highlight the crucial importance of vouchers in natural product studies. Doing so, we discuss the impact of species misidentification and poor accessibility of vouchers in the field of sponge natural products. We advocate for stricter voucher guidelines in natural product journals and propose a common protocol of good practice, in the hope of reducing misidentifications in sponge studies, ensure reproducibility of studies, and facilitate follow-up work on the original material.     

Essential Oils Composition of Two Endemic Umbelliferae Herbs Growing Wild in Turkey

The present study was carried out to determine the essential oil composition of aerial parts of two endemic umbelliferae herbs （Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss. and Stenotaenia macrocarpa Freyn ＆ Sint. ex Freyn） collected from Bingol （Turkey）, using headspace solid-phase microextraction method and gas chromatography （GC） interfaced with mass spectrometer analysis. Forty six and 43 compounds were identified for M. lasiocarpa and S. macrocarpa, respectively, representing 91.40% and 90.86% of their respective essential oils. Germacrene D （20.71%）,β-elemene （12.40%）, spathulenol （11.60%） and β-selinene （9.67%） were identified as the major compound of M. lasiocarpa. β-sesquiphellandrene （19.68%）, hexyl isobutyrate （12.65%） and octanal （9.53%） were found to be the major compounds ofS. macrocarpa. Essential oil composition ofM. lasiocarpa has been determined for the first time and the results have been discussed in view of chemotaxonomy, natural products and potential usefulness of these plants.     

Characteristic Volatile Composition of Seven Seaweeds from the Yellow Sea of China

Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) represent a relatively wide class of secondary metabolites. The VOC profiles of seven seaweeds (Grateloupia filicina, Polysiphonia senticulosa, Callithamnion corymbosum, Sargassum thunbergii, Dictyota dichotoma, Enteromorpha prolifera and Ulva lactuca) from the Yellow Sea of China were investigated using multifiber headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS), among them, the VOCs of three red algae Grateloupia filicina, Polysiphonia senticulosa, and Callithamnion corymbosum were first reported. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to disclose characteristic categories and molecules of VOCs and network pharmacology was performed to predict potential biomedical utilization of candidate seaweeds. Aldehyde was found to be the most abundant VOC category in the present study and (E)-β-ionone was the only compound found to exist in all seven seaweeds. The chemical diversity of aldehydes in E. prolifera suggest its potential application in chemotaxonomy and hinted that divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber is more suitable for aldehyde extraction. VOCs in D. dichotoma were characterized as sesquiterpenes and diterpenes and the most relevant pharmacological pathway was the neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway, which suggests that D. dichotoma may have certain preventive and therapeutic values in cancer, especially in lung cancer, in addition to neuropsychiatric diseases.     

Condensed tannins in Trifolium species and their significance for taxonomy and plant breeding

Summary Populations of 59 Trifolium taxa were screened for condensed tannin content using the vanillin-HC1 test. Eight species (T. arvense, T. aureum, T. badium, T. campestre, T. dubium, T. micranthum, T. patens and T. spadiceum) were shown to contain tannins. These species are all found in Section Chronosemium or Section Trifolium Subsection Arvensia of the genus, and thus presence of tannins appears to have a taxonomic significance. Screening populations within species showed differences in tannin content, but no plants in these species were free of tannins.     

Lupinus anatolicus — a new lupin species of the old world

Summary During a collecting mission in South-West Turkey some lupin plants differing from Lupinus pilosus Murr., L. micranthus Guss. and L. angustifolius L., wild-growing in this region were found. These plants markedly distinguished from a dwarf habit of L. micranthus and exuberant L. pilosus. As found later, these plants with regard to many traits differed still more from the remaining lupin species of the Old World. The collected seeds of these plants were multiplied at the Plant Breeding Station in Wiatrowo. They were characterized by a smooth seed coat and according to classification of Gladstones could be referred to a group of European lupin crops containing the primitive species L. micranthus.New accession was compared to L. micranthus and L. pilosus considering 20 morphological, some physiological features and chemotaxonomic analyses. New accession was also artificially crossed to L. micranthus and L. pilosus but hybrid seeds were not obtained. The most pronounced morphological differences were in the height and exuberance of plants, the size of inflorescences and flowers, the size and coloration of strongly pubescent, ripen pods but first of all, the size and shape of seeds and seed coat surface.Differences in the protein and fat content in seeds as well as those in quantitative and qualitative composition of alkaloids also appear to be significant.Marked differences occurred also in the electrophoretic phenotype of isozymes. They consisted not only in differences of electrophoretic mobility of bands, but also in different number of bands.The obtained results enabled us to give the population of these plants a separate species name — Lupinus anatolicus.