芥菜对土壤中稀土的吸收及多种添加剂的促进作用

采用盆栽实验方法，研究了芥菜Brassica juncea(var multiceps)在土培情况下对稀土吸收的剂量效应关系以及改善营养条件和添加有机配体对其吸收能力的影响。结果表明，稀土在植物中的累积与NH2NO3提取态稀土有着明显的相关性；添加有机配体、S和N可以提高稀土的生物可利用性，其中添加有机配体最这明显；P无明显促进作用。     

Effectiveness of Phytosiderophore in Absorption and Translocation of 59Iron in Barley in the Presence of Plant-Borne,Synthetic, and Microbial Chelators

The mechanisms of iron (Fe) absorption and translocation in plants have received much study because they are the key processes in the supply of Fe to plants. The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness of phytosiderophore (PS) in the absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in Fe-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ‘Minorimugi’) plants in the presence of plant-borne, synthetic, or microbial chelators. Plants grown under Fe-deficient conditions in a phytotron at pH 5.5 for 7–18 d were fed with Fe³⁺ (10 μ M labeled with ⁵⁹Fe) in the presence of 10 μ M of different chelators with or without 10 μ M PS for 4 h starting at 2 p.m. (6 h after the onset of light period). The absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in plants treated with PS and Fe^{3 +} were increased relative to plants fed solely with Fe^{3 +} (control). There was no effect found on absorption and translocation of ⁵⁹Fe in plants treated with EDTA or p-coumarate relative to the control, but a differential increase was observed in ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with EDTA or p-coumarate in the presence of PS. In comparison with the control, a decrease in ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation was observed in plants treated with HEDTA or EDDHA or FOB, but this decrease was avoided in plants treated with HEDTA or EDDHA or FOB in the presence of PS. The enhancement of ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with citrate, and the highest ⁵⁹Fe absorption and translocation in plants treated with citrate and PS, indicated that citrate had an additive effect on Fe absorption and translocation in plants. Our results showed that PS effectively played a role in Fe absorption and translocation in plants in the presence of other chelators. Plants treated with any chelators had lower extracellular ⁵⁹Fe in the roots compared with the control.     

表面活性剂与EDTA对雪菜吸收镉的影响

采用表面活性剂与螯合剂处理,强化雪菜吸收土壤镉的盆栽试验表明,影响植物吸收镉的主要因子是表面活性剂类型。阴离子型与非离子型表面活性剂的强化修复效果要优于阳离子型表面活性剂,其中以十二烷基硫酸钠和Tween80为好。表面活性剂与EDTA复合使用,可以降低土壤对镉的吸附(顺序依次为EDTA/DBSSEDTA/TX-100EDTA/CTABEDTADBSSTX-100CTAB),增加土壤对镉的解吸,进而促使土壤镉向植物转移,有利于强化镉污染土壤的植物修复。     

螯合剂对铅污染土壤上玉米幼苗生长及铅积累特性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了螯合剂EDTA和DTPA对Pb污染土壤上玉米幼苗生物量及Pb积累特性的影响。结果表明,单独Pb处理对玉米幼苗生长没有明显的影响,而玉米植株体内Pb含量随土壤Pb处理浓度的增加而明显增加,根系Pb含量高于地上部Pb含量。分别添加3mmol·kg^-1 EDTA和DTPA处理促进土壤Pb溶解,EDTA处理土壤有效Pb含量大于DTPA处理土壤有效Pb含量;EDTA和DTPA处理对Pb污染土壤上玉米生长的效应不同,DTPA处理对玉米生长没有明显的影响,而EDTA处理玉米地上部干重比不加EDTA的对照降低了15％～39％,根系干重则降低了40％～50％;添加螯合剂处理后玉米植株体内Pb含量明显增加,EDTA处理促进玉米吸收和积累Pb的作用大于DTPA的作用。     

A new medium for the detection of fluorescent pigment production by pseudomonads

Two media (King’s B [KB] and CSGA) commonly used for the detection of fluorescent pigment by Pseudomonas spp. were compared to a new medium proposed in this study, PGS agar. Thirty‐nine strains of 10 different species of Pseudomonas from several geographic regions were screened. The efficacies of these media were examined under several conditions, including the addition of iron‐binding substances or supplementation with extra iron. The medium developed, which included an iron‐binding agent, was the most permissive for production of fluorescent pigments when compared to KB and CSGA. Thirty‐seven of the 39 pseudomonad strains screened were highly fluorescent on this new medium compared to 15 and 16 strains, respectively, on KB or CSGA. The optimal composition of the medium per litre was Bacto peptone 10 g, gelatin 20 g, sucrose 20 g, agar 15 g, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1 g, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 1 g and conalbumin 2 g. Protocol validation tests performed through an intra‐laboratory study in comparison to KB demonstrated the effectiveness of the new PGS medium.     

石灰水对混合试剂洗脱土壤重金属淋洗效果的影响

为了探索石灰水对混合试剂(MC)洗脱后土壤中重金属的淋洗效果,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验研究。结果表明:石灰水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,淋出液中Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu浓度均显著高于去离子水淋洗MC洗脱土壤,这主要由于石灰水提高土壤pH,释放土壤所吸附的络合态重金属,这种现象在酸性污染土壤中表现更明显。对于酸性污染土壤,可采用MC+石灰水+去离子水依次进行淋洗处理,其Cd和Zn去除率与MC+去离子水+去离子水依次淋洗处理相比提高22.6%和28.8%;对于中性重金属污染土壤,两处理间重金属去除率差异不显著。石灰水淋洗可提高土壤重金属去除率,并提高土壤pH,改善MC洗脱对土壤的酸化,有利于淋洗后土壤的农业利用。     

柱淋滤-巯基改性坡缕石钝化组合对弱碱性土壤镉铅污染控制效应

为研究弱碱性土壤镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染的控制技术,本文开展室内柱淋滤和巯基改性坡缕石钝化试验,探究柱淋滤-钝化组合对弱碱性土壤Cd和Pb污染控制效应。结果表明,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和乙二胺二琥珀酸(EDDS)对弱碱性土壤Cd和Pb的淋滤效果优于谷氨酸二乙酸(GLDA),适宜淋滤浓度为3 mmol·L^-1。其中,EDTA、EDDS对土壤中Cd和Pb的总淋出率分别为58.60%和30.60%、44.78%和24.33%。随淋滤液体积的增加,淋出液pH值均逐渐增加,在淋出液体积为400 mL后逐渐趋于稳定。与原土相比,采用H2O、EDTA、GLDA和EDDS淋滤后,土壤中DTPA提取态Cd和Pb含量分别降低32.09%和16.08%、67.16%和33.64%、33.58%和18.93%、75.37%和51.15%。淋滤后土壤经0.3%巯基改性坡缕石(MPAL)钝化后DTPA提取态Cd和Pb浓度显著降低,与H2O+MPAL组合处理相比,EDTA+MPAL、GLDA+MPAL和EDDS+MPAL组合处理后土壤中DTPA提取Cd和Pb含量降低率分别为98.26%和48.01%、97.88%和45.80%、98.26%和55.59%。巯基改性坡缕石钝化可将土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cd和Pb转变为稳定的铁锰氧化态Cd和Pb。研究表明:EDDS+MPAL组合效果较好,可显著降低土壤Cd和Pb总量和可交换态Cd和Pb含量,实现对弱碱性中重度Cd和Pb污染土壤重金属总量减少和有效态含量降低的减总降效双重控制作用。     

不同pH值混合螯合剂对土壤重金属淋洗及植物提取的影响

为了得出混合螯合剂（MC）淋洗去除重金属的最佳pH值以及对后续植物提取重金属的影响,用Ca(OH)2将pH值为2.75的MC提高至pH值5、7和9,对重金属污染土壤进行了盆栽淋洗试验,而后种植东南景天（Sedum Alfredii）,测定淋出液及植物重金属含量。另外,通过浸提试验研究了含有不同阳离子的MC对重金属淋洗效果的影响。结果表明,pH值为5和7的MC显著提高了Cd、Pb和Cu的淋出率。与Na+、K+离子相比,Ca2+的存在能够提高MC对重金属的淋洗去除。pH值7和9的MC淋洗土壤后提高了东南景天的生物量,但是降低东南景天中Cd和Zn的浓度,导致其植物提取率低于无淋洗剂对照。在化学淋洗+植物提取联合技术中,Cd和Zn主要靠植物提取去除,植物提取率分别可达土壤Cd的30%～40%和土壤Zn的6.5%～6.9%;而Pb和Cu主要靠混合螯合剂淋洗去除,去除率分别为2.3%～2.6%和1.6%～2.0%。综合来说,如果需要同时去除Cd、Zn、Pb和Cu,降低土壤重金属有效态含量,用pH值9的MC淋洗土壤联合植物提取较为合适。     

混合淋洗剂对污染土壤中重金属的去除及植物生长的影响

以重金属污染水稻田土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究EDTA和混合试剂(EDTA、GLDA、柠檬酸)7次淋洗后土壤理化性质、重金属含量、赋存形态等的变化,并在淋洗后的土壤中种植三季作物。通过分析各季作物生物量以及地上部和地下部重金属含量,评价其农用价值,以期达到多种重金属污染农田土壤的修复及安全农用目的。结果表明:与EDTA处理相比,混合试剂(MC)对土壤中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn也有较好的去除率,分别为44.30%、28.78%、26.44%和11.49%,且第二次淋洗土壤中重金属去除率最高;此后重金属的去除率随着淋洗次数的增加持续降低。淋洗处理降低了小白菜生物量,提高了小白菜地上部和地下部重金属含量。与对照相比,淋洗处理玉米的生物量差异不显著,然而玉米地上部Cd、Pb和Zn含量显著降低,所有处理两季玉米地上部重金属含量均低于国家饲料卫生标准。研究表明,与EDTA处理相比,MC处理土壤重金属乙酸铵提取态含量较低,对植物生长影响较小,是一种修复多种重金属污染土壤的较为温和的淋洗剂。     

天然有机添加物提高植物修复污染土壤效率：研究进展综述.

Environmental pollution caused by metals, radionuclides and organic pollutants affects quality of the biosphere: soil, water and air.Currently, great efforts have been made to reduce, remove or stabilize contaminants in polluted sites. There has been increasing interest in phytoremediation—the use of plants to reduce concentration of pollutants or to render them harmless. This paper provides a brief review of recent progress in the research and practical application of phytoremediation techniques. Improvements in phytoremediation due to utilization of organic amendments, namely, agro- and industrial wastes(such as sugar beet residue, composted sewage sludge or molasses), biochar, humic substances, plant extracts and exudates are discussed, as well as their influences on soil structure and characteristics, plants growth and bioavailability of pollutants. Both plant-assisted phytoremediation and the use of natural materials in the absence of remediating plant are believed to be cost-effective and environmentally friendly approaches for soil cleanup. However,the characterization and quantification of a range of natural materials used in phytoremediation are essential in order to implement these approaches to practice.