基于血浆非靶代谢组学探究急性笼养应激对蛋鸭代谢的影响

随着环保政策改革和养殖业的集约化、规模化发展,蛋鸭叠层式笼养模式的应用越来越广泛,笼养应激对蛋鸭的影响逐渐受到重视。本研究旨在利用非靶向代谢组学分析蛋鸭平养与笼养模式下血浆代谢物的差异。随机挑选平养组(floor-water rearing system, FWR组)和叠层式笼养组(cage-rearing system, CR组)蛋鸭各10只,跖骨静脉采血,通过高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-HRMS)非靶向代谢组学技术获得20个在不同饲养模式下的血浆代谢物图谱,经T检验等分析,取差异倍数(Fold-change)ratio≥2或ratio≤1/2、变量重要性(variable importance in projection, VIP)>1、q值<0.05为筛选条件得到显著差异代谢物并作通路富集分析。结果共筛选到差异代谢物30种,其中上调表达的差异代谢物14种(P<0.05),下调表达的差异代谢物16种(P<0.05)。差异代谢物种类主要有甘油磷脂(glycerophospholipids, 16种)、脂肪酰基(fatty acyls, 4种)、羧酸及其衍生物...     

日粮蛋白质水平对笼养育成蛋鸭体内酸碱平衡的影响

试验采用单因素随机分组处理内等重复的设计,选择健康5周龄金定蛋鸭144只,以玉米-豆粕型日粮为基础,在代谢能为11.7MJ·kg-1的情况下,依据粗蛋白CP水平分为13%,16%,19%3个处理,每个处理设8个重复,每重复6只试鸭,进行生长代谢实验和分析血液生化指标来揭示日粮蛋白质水平对体内酸碱平衡的影响。结果表明,在试验期内日采食量CP为13%的高于其他两组且差异显著(P<0.05),日增重和饲料效率各处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。血清pH、碱储、钠、钙、磷、镁离子的浓度差异不显著(P>0.05),阴离子间隙、渗透压、二氧化碳浓度、钾离子和氯离子浓度差异显著。代谢试验表明,磷、铜、钙、镁、锰、钠、钾等矿物元素的代谢率各组差异显著(P<0.05),其中CP为19%组显著低于其他两组,锌的代谢率差异不显著。蛋白质代谢率随日粮蛋白质的增加呈下降趋势,CP为13%组的蛋白代谢率显著高于其他组。     

Voles and weasels in the boreal Fennoscandian small mammal community: what happens if the least weasel disappears due to climate change?

Climate change, habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats for populations and a challenge for individual behavior, interactions and survival. Predator–prey interactions are modified by climate processes. In the northern latitudes, strong seasonality is changing and the main predicted feature is shortening and instability of winter. Vole populations in the boreal Fennoscandia exhibit multiannual cycles. High amplitude peak numbers of voles and dramatic population lows alternate in 3–5‐year cycles shortening from North to South. One key factor, or driver, promoting the population crash and causing extreme extended lows, is suggested to be predation by the least weasel. We review the arms race between prey voles and weasels through the multiannual density fluctuation, affected by climate change, and especially the changes in the duration and stability of snow cover. For ground‐dwelling small mammals, snow provides thermoregulation and shelter for nest sites, and helps them hide from predators. Predicted increases in the instability of winter forms a major challenge for species with coat color change between brown summer camouflage and white winter coat. One of these is the least weasel, Mustela nivalis nivalis. Increased vulnerability of wrong‐colored weasels to predation affects vole populations and may have dramatic effects on vole dynamics. It may have cascading effects on other small rodent–predator interactions and even on plant–animal interactions and forest dynamics.     

2座级联调水型水库枝角类的季节动态特征

2012年对深圳铁岗水库和石岩水库的枝角类进行了调查,探讨级联水库枝角类群落结构的季节演替特征及调控机制。铁岗位于级联水库群的上游,石岩水库则位于其下游,鱼类捕食压力相近。石岩水库营养盐水平明显高于铁岗水库,并且在丰水期显著高于枯水期,但枝角类种类组成基本一致,以象鼻溞(Bosmina)、裸腹溞(Moina)和秀体溞(Diaphanosoma)等小型枝角类为优势种类。2座水库枝角类生物量的季节变化呈"单峰型",峰值出现在捕食压力相对较低的丰水早期(4月)。在群落结构上,2座水库枝角类呈现不同的季节变化模式,上游的铁岗水库全年以长额象鼻溞(Bosmina longirostris)为优势种;下游石岩水库在枯水期以长额象鼻溞为优势种,丰水期则以微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)为优势种。营养盐的季节变化可能是导致2座水库枝角类群落结构呈现不同季节变化模式的主要原因。     

提高鸭蛋清洁度的层叠式笼养蛋鸭笼底网的优化设计

为解决层叠式蛋鸭笼养设备在笼养鸭过程中出现鸭蛋表面脏污严重的问题,该文优化设计了蛋鸭笼底网外形尺寸参数。该文建立鸭蛋滚落运动仿真模型,利用二分法确定笼底网坡度合理范围。基于笼底网坡度合理范围,综合考虑笼底网间距、笼底网直径、笼底网质量及最大位移变形,建立笼底网优化数学模型。以有限元软件ANSYS为计算平台,采用三因素四水平相应曲面分析法,并基于最大位移变形响应面对蛋鸭笼底网尺寸参数进行寻优,寻优结果中笼底篦漏孔最大的一组解为最优解。优化结果较优化前,笼底网坡度增大至8.5°,笼底篦漏孔增大29.2%,笼底网最大位移变形量下降18.1%;为进一步检验优化结果可行性,该文利用优化后笼底网进行蛋鸭笼养试验。试验结果显示,蛋鸭笼底网优化后显著提高了鸭蛋清洁度,对毛羽品相、产蛋率及鸭蛋破损率无显著影响。该研究可为禽类笼养设备笼网的研制提供参考。     

层叠式笼养肉鸭舍冬季环境测试及通风窗位置优化模拟

肉鸭产业规模化程度越来越高、空间集聚日益明显,层叠式笼养是发展最为迅速的立体养殖模式。该文对层叠式笼养鸭舍内的温湿度、气流、CO_2及NH_3质量浓度进行测试,构建了鸭舍的CFD模型,开展温度场和气流场的环境模拟,并提出现有鸭舍气流组织形式的优化方案。研究结果表明,测试期间(2018-12-18 00:00-2018-12-22 00:00),鸭舍内气温11.35～20.68℃,舍内外平均温差10.86℃;舍内平均相对湿度70.27%,略高于舍外;舍内CO_2、NH_3平均质量浓度分别为3285、0.33 mg/m~3。模拟原有鸭舍的温度场和气流场,与实测结果进行对比,平均相对误差为6.59%～8.87%,说明该文所建模型的数值模拟与试验数据具有很好的一致性。进一步通过降低一侧通风小窗的高度来优化鸭舍的气流组织,模拟发现优化后模型的舍内温度范围为11.07～19.71℃,其温度波动范围较原模型有明显减小,降低了肉鸭对温度的应激效应;优化后模型北侧第1列底层、第3列中层、第5列上层的平均风速分别为0.34、0.34、0.31 m/s,较原模型更加均匀。通过该研究,可为同类型鸭舍合理规划设计与改善舍内环境质量提供理论依据。     

梯级开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落结构特征及环境驱动因子

为了探明梯级电站开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落的结构特征及主要环境驱动因子,于2017年对春季和秋季金沙江下游尚未建成的乌东德和白鹤滩水电站江段以及已下闸蓄水的溪洛渡和向家坝水电站江段应用多网目复合刺网进行了鱼类群落定量研究,同时运用多种统计分析方法分析了鱼类多样性特征以及鱼类群落与环境因子的关系。研究发现仍保持正常流水未成库区的乌东德和白鹤滩江段鱼类群落与已成库区的溪洛渡和向家坝江段有着明显的差异。在仍为峡谷激流型生境的江段,鱼类组成以土著特有鱼类为主,优势种为喜流水的圆口铜鱼C. guichenoti、泉水鱼P. procheilus、犁头鳅L. fimbriata;而在已蓄水的库区江段,鱼类组成多为长江中下游常见种类,优势种为喜静水缓流的?H. leucisculus、飘鱼P. sinensis、似鱎T. wwinhonis。应用典范对应分析对鱼类群落与环境因子做了相关分析,发现影响金沙江下游鱼类群落的主要环境驱动因子包括水深、总固体悬浮物、电导率、pH和水温等。这些研究结果为制定金沙江下游鱼类种质资源和生物多样性保护的相关管理政策提供了基础与支撑。     

Theragra chalcogramma Hydrolysates,Rich in Gly-Leu-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Thr,Exerts Anti-Photoaging Potential via Targeting MAPK and NF-κB Pathways in SD Rats

Previous studies have revealed that excessive exposure to UV irradiation is the main cause of skin photoaging and the signaling pathways of MAPK and NF-κB are involved in this progression. The present study aims to investigate the anti-photoaging effects of low molecular weight hydrolysates from Theragra chalcogramma (TCH) and to clarify the underlying mechanism. The degradation of mechanical barrier functions in photoaged skin was substantially ameliorated after TCH administration; meanwhile, TCH significantly elevated the antioxidant capacity and suppressed the over-production of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Moreover, the histopathological deteriorations such as epidermal hyperplasia and dermal loss were significantly alleviated, along with the increase in procollagen type I content and decrease in MMP-1 activity (p < 0.05). Furthermore, TCH effectively blocked the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways through inhibition of the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK, iκB, and p65 proteins. Collectively, these data indicate that TCH has potential as a novel ingredient for the development of anti-photoaging foods.     

Combining vision information and tag information to extract Deep Web result pages content

Extracting content from deep web pages is a challenging problem due to the underlying intricate structures of such pages. A vision and tags based approach (DVS) is proposed. It primarily utilizes the vision information and tag information on the Deep Web result pages to extract the content structure of pages. This approach includes two steps as follows: First, the vision information and tag information are produced by analyzing the Cascading Style Sheet and the DOM Tree to generate an initial visual tree of the Deep Web result page. And then, the Path Shingle (PS) algorithm is employed, by considering both of the vision and the tag information, and the blocks in the visual tree are clustered according to the similarity computing result of them to produce the final visual tree, i.e., the content structure of pages. The innovations of DVS are that it utilizes the vision information and tag information on the Deep Web pages to extract the content structure; and stores the vision information as a tree to tansform the analysis of the vision information to a vision attribute tree. Experiments are conducted with a large set of Web databases called UIUC’s TEL. The experimental results show that the vision and tag based approach has high precision compared with the WTS algorithm and the VIPS algorithm.     

LNG冷能利用方式分类及其工艺流程

LNG是一种低温、热值高的不可再生能源,在LNG气化使用过程中会释放丰富的冷能,若能有效加以利用,会带来极大的经济效益与环保价值。目前,LNG冷能的利用方式种类繁多,工艺流程复杂,不利于实际项目对LNG冷能利用方案的选择。在分析国内外LNG冷能利用方式与工艺流程的基础上,按照冷能利用原理的不同,将LNG冷能利用方式划分为3种:转换能源形式、单一换热及伴随热质交换。对这3种LNG冷能利用方式的基本原理与工艺流程进行总结分析,以便于实际LNG冷能利用项目选择适合的冷能利用方式。此外,对目前LNG冷能的综合梯级利用方案进行了归纳总结,为LNG冷能的合理梯级利用提供了参考。