梅州市五华县石灰岩矿区土壤铅污染现状研究及改良对策

对梅州市五华县几个石灰岩矿区周边土壤中铅含量进行了测定，结果表明，污染土壤的铅含量远远超出了国家土壤环境质量三级标准（对土壤生态环境产生影响的最低浓度值），对生态产生影响。根据内梅罗污染指数评定得出，矿区土壤铅污染达到重污染的程度。提出了减轻铅污染对生态环境危害的控制污染源措施和改良对策。     

Movement of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians in the stems of lettuce and seed contamination

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians , the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce (BLS), can be seedborne, but the mechanism by which the bacteria contaminates and/or infects lettuce seed is not known. In this study, the capacity of X. campestris pv. vitians to enter and translocate within the vascular system of lettuce plants was examined. The stems of 8- to 11-week-old lettuce plants were stab-inoculated, and movement of X. campestris pv. vitians was monitored at various intervals. At 4, 8, 12 and 16 h post-inoculation (hpi), X. campestris pv. vitians was recovered from 2 to 10 cm above (depending on stem length) and 2 cm below the inoculation site. Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was also recovered from surface-disinfested stem sections of spray-inoculated plants. Together, these results are consistent with X. campestris pv. vitians invading and moving systemically within the vascular system of lettuce plants. To investigate the mechanism of seed contamination, lettuce plants at the vegetative stage of growth were spray-inoculated with X. campestris pv. vitians and allowed to develop BLS. Seed collected from these plants had a 2% incidence of X. campestris pv. vitians external colonization, but no bacteria were recovered from within the seed.     

一个基于视场的AIRS云检测方案

利用GRAPES-3DVAR（全球／区域同化预报系统）对AIRS的6小时扫描视场进行云检测,在Goldbety等的AIRS云检测方案基础上,结合GRAPES系统和AIRS仪器特征,剔除受到云污染的视场,为AIRS资料在三维变分同化系统中的应用奠定基础。     

北京东南郊再生水灌区土壤PAHs污染特征

采用Eijkelkamp土壤采样器对北京东南郊再生水灌区进行了3个钻孔剖面采样,同时采集了灌溉用水及地下水样品,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析。结果表明,表层土壤中有14种PAHs检出,浓度在0.4～53.1μg·kg-1之间,∑PAHs平均含量为206.7μg·kg-1,达到了土壤污染临界值;表层以下PAHs的检出种类和含量显著减少,以中、低环的萘、菲、芴、荧蒽、芘为主,∑PAHs仅占表层的3.8%～12.0%,从剖面PAHs含量变化可以判断,低环PAHs较易迁移,迁移性强弱顺序为萘、芴>菲>芘、荧蒽;污灌区表土中PAHs组成与大气降尘接近,但与再生灌区有明显差异,这种差异主要由于灌溉用水不同所造成;再生水灌区表土以下土壤剖面检出的PAHs与再生水中的PAHs一致,说明再生水灌溉是导致土壤剖面PAHs污染的主要原因,同时地下水中检出的PAHs种类也与土壤剖面基本一致,但含量较高,可能是早期污水灌溉所造成。     

石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响

通过土培试验研究了添加不同改良剂(鸡粪、泥炭和石灰)对我国不同性质土壤(云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土)镉污染的改良差异。结果表明,不同改良剂0～60 d内对四种镉污染土壤的改良效果均较为显著。鸡粪对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为37.0%、52.7%、29.3%和49.6%,显示鸡粪对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土云南赤红壤吉林黑土;泥炭对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为33.1%、51.7%、30.5%和51.2%,显示泥炭对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土吉林黑土≈云南赤红壤;石灰对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为60.7%、55.5%、40.7%、41.7%,显示石灰对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是云南赤红壤江西红壤吉林黑土≈内蒙栗钙土。综上可知,在对镉污染的酸性土壤改良上,石灰好于有机质,而对镉污染的中性和碱性土壤改良上,有机质则好于石灰。     

重金属对饲料污染的分析及防制措施

文章综述了我国饲料重金属污染的种类、污染物的主要来源、污染物的特性及危害机理,并简要阐述了预防饲料重金属污染的措施。     

Simultaneous detection of multiple mycotoxins in broiler feeds using a liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry

Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that are typically present in grain and feed ingredients used for animal feeds. An analytical method using LC-ESI-MS/MS was developed to quantify nine mycotoxins, consisting of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), AFB₂, AFG₁, AFG₂, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler feeds. In total, 100 samples of broiler feeds were collected from poultry farms in Central Thailand. The survey found that AFB₁ and ZEA were the most prevalent mycotoxins in the feed samples at percentages of 93% and 63%, respectively. The limit of detections (LODs) of investigated mycotoxins was 0.20–0.78 ng/g. AFB₂, DON, AFG₁, NIV and T-2 toxin were also detectable at low contamination levels with percentages of 20%, 9%, 7%, 5% and 1%, respectively, whereas OTA and AFG₂ were not detected in any of the feed samples. These results suggest that there is a very low level of risk of the exposure to mycotoxins in feeds obtained from broiler farms in Central Thailand.     

Interactions between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and fungivorous nematodes on the growth and arsenic uptake of tobacco in arsenic-contaminated soils

The effects of inoculation with two AM fungi (M1, Glomus caledonium; M2, Glomus spp. and Acaulospora spp.) and a fungivorous nematode Aphelenchoides sp. on growth and arsenic (As) uptake of Nicotiana tabacum L. were investigated in soils contaminated with a range of As. The reproduction of Aphelenchoides sp. was triggered by the co-inoculation of AM fungi regardless of AM fungal isolates and As levels. Stimulative effects of Aphelenchoides sp. on the development of mycorrhiza, slightly different between two AM fungi, were found particularly at the lowest As level. Irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculi, increasing soil As level decreased plant growth, but increased plant As uptake. Co-inoculation of AM fungi and Aphelenchoides sp. led plants to achieving further growth and greater As accumulation at the lowest As level. Results showed that the interactions between AM fungi and fungivorous nematodes were important in plant As tolerance and phytoextraction at low level As-polluted soil.     

Plant–soil interactions in metal contaminated soils

The legacy of industrialization has left many soils contaminated. However, soil organisms and plant communities can thrive in spite of metal contamination and, in some cases, metabolize and help in remediation. The responses of plants and soil organisms to contamination are mutually dependent and dynamic. Plant–soil feedbacks are central to the development of any terrestrial community; they are ongoing in both contaminated and healthy soils. However, the theory that governs plant–soil feedbacks in healthy soils needs to be studied in contaminated soils. In healthy soils, negative feedbacks (i.e. pathogens) play a central role in shaping plant community structure. However to our knowledge, the nature of feedback relationships has never been addressed in contaminated soils. Here we review literature that supports a plant–soil feedback approach to understanding the ecology of metal-contaminated soil. Further, we discuss the idea that within these soils, the role of positive as opposed to negative plant–soil feedbacks may be more important. Testing this idea in a rigorous way in any ecosystem is challenging, and metal contamination imposes an additional abiotic constraint. We discuss research goals and experimental approaches to study plant–soil interactions applicable to metal-contaminated soils; these insights can be extended to other contaminated environments and restoration efforts.     

2020年底各地新玉米霉菌毒素风险分析

为了解呕吐毒素（DON）、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEN）和黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）在2020年底新玉米中的污染情况,指导饲料生产企业和养殖场（户）开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料质量安全及养殖动物的影响,避免经济受损的风险。2020年12月在市场上采集新玉米样本225份,采用胶体金免疫层析法或上转发光免疫分析法对其霉菌毒素污染情况进行检测,依据安佑集团相关企业标准标和GB 13078-2017《饲料卫生标准》进行判定分析。结果表明：新玉米中霉菌毒素检出率为96.0%,其中DON、ZEN和AFB1的检出率分别为85.8%、87.1%和86.7%|DON、ZEN和AFB1在新玉米中的污染状况差别较大,按《饲料卫生标准》判定的超标率分别为0.0%、0.4%和11.6%|最大检测值分别为2500、534 μg/kg和＞100 μg/kg。就产地而言,山西、内蒙古、东北、安徽、山东、河南、云南、陕西等地霉菌毒素污染较重。综上,与2019年及2020年玉米霉菌毒素污染调查数据相比,2020年底新玉米污染程度较重。 [关键词] 玉米|霉菌毒素|胶体金免疫层析法|上转发光免疫分析法|污染规律