污泥农用对痕量元素在小麦-玉米轮作体系中的积累及转运的影响

利用田间试验初步研究了污泥农用对小麦、玉米大田作物及土壤环境影响以及污泥中痕量元素在土壤与植物可食部分之间转移规律。结果表明,施用污泥后,尤其是36t·hm^-2施用量时,土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和№的含量均显著增加,但是施用污泥4．5至36t·hm^-2后,除小麦籽粒中Zn、Cu含量和玉米籽粒中Zn、Cr含量显著增加外,其他痕量元素在小麦和玉米籽粒中的含量没有显著增加。作物籽粒中Zn含量与土壤中污泥施加量之间存在着显著的线性回归关系,土壤中增施1t·hm^-2之污泥,小麦和玉米籽粒中Zn的含量分别增加0．570和0．118mg·kg^-1。小麦和玉米籽粒除M和Pb的富集系数相近外,对其他痕量元素而言,小麦籽粒的富集系数显著高于玉米籽粒。从痕量元素的累积速率和现行土壤环境质量标准考虑,北京污泥中Hg是优先考虑控制的元素,但是污泥中№对食品安全的影响还需要进行长期的大田实验研究。     

Carbon Sequestration in Restored Soils by Applying Organic Amendments

The study of different natural carbon sinks has become especially important because of climate change effects. The restoration of contaminated areas can be an ideal strategy for carbon sequestration. The studied area was affected by toxic Aznalcóllar mine spill in 1998. Restoration process of the contaminated area was based, mainly, on the use of two organic amendments: leonardite (LE) and biosolid compost (BC). The objective of this study was to verify whether the application of these amendments promotes the long‐term carbon sequestration in this soil. Five treatments were established: untreated control, biosolid compost (doses 4 and 2) and leonardite (doses 4 and 2). The addition of amendments implied an improvement in soil quality that was directly related to the amendment dose: decrease in bulk density, increase in pH, higher respiration rates and an improvement in the stratification ratio. Dose‐dependent changes in the molecular composition of soil organic matter were shown by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. Both amendments promoted carbon retention, although because of the low mineralization rates of soil organic matter in LE treatments, the carbon storage was higher. The dosage effect on the carbon balance was more important in LE treatments, whereas in the BC treatments, the balance was similar for both doses. Our findings suggest that LE4 significantly increased the total organic carbon and it was the most suitable treatment for long‐term carbon storage, because of its molecular composition rich in relatively stable aromatic and lignin‐derived compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

污泥对草坪草逆境生理的影响

日益增长的污水处理副产物——污泥的处置问题越来越引起人们的关注,将污泥应用于草坪草的种植被认为是污泥资源化利用的可行途径之一。本文综述了污泥对草坪草逆境生理影响的研究进展,众多研究表明,适宜用量的污泥对草坪草叶绿素及光合效应、矿质营养、渗透调节物质和抗氧化酶系统均有有益影响,能提高其应对逆境的适应能力;过量施用污泥则会影响草坪草的生长,不同的草种对污泥施用量的要求不同。污泥能提高草坪草抗逆性的原因可能是由于污泥富含多种营养元素和生物活性物质,但其提高草坪草抗逆性的内在机制还有待进一步研究。     

Afforestation of agricultural land with Pinus radiata D. don and Betula alba L. in NW Spain: Effects on soil PH,understorey production and floristic diversity eleven years after establishment

Afforestation of abandoned agricultural lands has been the main change in land use over the past decade in Europe. However, the impact of tree species and understorey management on production and plant diversity over the medium‐ and long‐term has not been thoroughly studied. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of an afforestation of Pinus radiata D. Don and Betula alba L. on soil pH, understorey production and plant diversity and life cycle type (annuals vs. perennials) managed with different soil fertilisation treatments over a period of 11 years. The results show an acidification of the soil 11 years after establishment, better vertical growth and diameter of pine compared with birch as usually happens in the region and important variation in the biomass production and composition of the understorey below both tree species. Understorey species remained similar during the first 5 years below both canopies. However, species richness (S) was drastically reduced under Pinus radiata D. Don plantation compared to Betula alba L. (S_pine = 2 vs. S_birch = 17) after 11 years of tree establishment at a very high density (2500 trees ha⁻¹). Inorganic and organic fertilisation also caused a reduction in floristic diversity. Soil pH, pasture production and floristic understorey plant diversity are better preserved under autochthonous broadleaves, which increased the multiple uses of recently afforested lands in the short‐ and medium‐term. In the European context of high need for sawn wood, the use of autochthonous broadleaved tree species like Betula should be promoted due to their better sustainability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of biosolid amendment on enzyme activities in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts

We studied the effect of amendment of sewage sludge biosolids on enzyme activity in soil and earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts. Enzyme activities and contents of nutrients and organic matter of surrounding soil were compared with the corresponding properties of earthworm casts. This short time experiment was conducted at 20 ± 0.5 °C in the laboratory, simulating field conditions of biosolid treatments. In general, all of doses of biosolid treatments influenced the enzyme activity and contents of nutrients and organic matter of earthworm casts and surrounding soil. Enzyme activity such as urease (UA), alkaline phosphatase (APA), and arylsulfatase (ASA) and the contents of organic matter and nutrients N and P in earthworm casts and surrounding soil increased with increasing biosolid application. Without biosolid additions, enzyme activities in cast of L. terrestris exceeded those in the soil. In contrast, when biosolid was added, DHA in casts was lower than the soil. Activities of UA and APA were consistently higher in L. terrestris casts than in soil of all biosolid treatments. Biosolid amendments generally increased ASA at low doses, but at higher doses, ASA decreased. In general, organic matter and contents of N and P were higher in surface casts of L. terrestris and soils than in the control soil. Activities of UA, APA, the contents of organic carbon and nutrients N and P in soil and casts showed positive correlations. On the contrary, ASA and DHA were negatively correlated with the contents of organic matter and nutrients.     

污泥无土草皮基质配方优化研究

以塑料薄膜为阻隔材料,以污水处理厂污泥为主要基质,煤渣、蘑菇渣和沙等为配材,采用单形格子配方试验设计和灰色关联系数法,对11种不同配方基质的营养成分、重金属含量、无土草皮坪用性状及综合品质进行了评定,建立了草皮综合品质与各配方成分间显著相关的回归模型。结果表明,除叶绿素含量外,其他7种坪用性状差异显著。通过模拟寻优,得到基质优化配方方案为：污泥含量51.41%~51.83%,煤渣含量18.32%~18.86%,蘑菇渣含量18.19%~18.81%,沙含量10.87%~11.72%。草坪草可富集较多的重金属元素,收获草皮后的基质中重金属含量降低且符合农用基质标准。     

污泥农用对痕量元素在小麦－玉米轮作体系中的积累及转运的影响

利用田间试验初步研究了污泥农用对小麦、玉米大田作物及土壤环境影响以及污泥中痕量元素在土壤与植物可食部分之间转移规律.结果表明,施用污泥后,尤其是36t·hm~(-2)施用量时,土壤中Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb、As和Hg的含量均显著增加,但是施用污泥4.5至36 t·hm~(-2)后,除小麦籽粒中Zn、Cu含量和玉米籽粒中Zn、Cr含量显著增加外,其他痕量元素在小麦和玉米籽粒中的含量没有显著增加.作物籽粒中Zn含量与土壤中污泥施加量之间存在着显著的线性回归关系,土壤中增施1t·hm~(-2)污泥,小麦和玉米籽粒中Zn的含量分别增加0.570和0.118 mg·kg~(-1).小麦和玉米籽粒除Ni和Pb的富集系数相近外,对其他痕量元素而言,小麦籽粒的富集系数显著高于玉米籽粒.从痕量元素的累积速率和现行土壤环境质量标准考虑,北京污泥中Hg是优先考虑控制的元素,但是污泥中Hg对食品安全的影响还需要进行长期的大田实验研究.     

施用城市固体垃圾肥对杉木生长的影响

采用完全随机区组设计,分别对杉木造林前穴底、幼林及中龄林施城市固体垃圾肥,以研究该肥对杉木生长的影响．结果表明,杉木造林前穴底施垃圾肥肥效显著,以每穴施 ３７．５ ｋｇ 肥效最好,第２ 年地径、树高生长量分别比对照增加２７．６８％ 和２５．４１％ ;幼林施垃圾肥对杉木生长有一定促进作用,当年肥效不明显,其中 ３７．５ｋ ｇ／株垃圾肥处理在第 ３ 年胸径、树高生长量分别比对照增加２１． ２９％ 和 ２４．１４％ ,不同施肥处理第 ３ 年对杉木生长效应排序为：垃圾肥 ３７．５ ｋｇ／株（记为 Ｌ３７．５）＞ Ｌ２５＞ Ｌ１２．５＞ Ｎ０．２５（尿素０．２５ ｋｇ／株）;杉木中龄林施垃圾肥具有明显增产效应,随时间推移,各施肥处理对杉木生长效应排序为：Ｌ３７．５＞ Ｌ２５＞ Ｎ０．２５＞ Ｌ１２．５．,且肥效渐趋明显