Muscarinic Receptors in Equine Airways

The distribution of muscarinic receptors in equine airways was investigated using autoradiography. Frozen sections of tissue from six different levels in the bronchial tree, from the trachea to the distal bronchioles, were incubated in vitro with 1.5 nmol/L of the muscarinic receptor antagonist 1-[N-methyl-³H]scopolamine methyl chloride (³H-NMS). In addition, the subtype pattern of muscarinic receptors was investigated in equine tracheal smooth muscle using radioligand binding with methoctramine, tripinamide, 4-DAMP-methiodide and pirenzipine as competitors against the binding of 1.3 nmol/L ³H-NMS. The autoradiograms showed specific labelling indicating a high density of muscarinic receptors in smooth-muscle tissue in all levels of the airway tree investigated. Besides muscle tissue, subepithelial glands were the only structures specifically labelled. The dominating subtypes in tracheal smooth muscle investigated with radioligand binding studies were found to be M₂ and M₄, as both methoctramine (pK _d = 8.5) and tripinamide (pK _d = 8.6 and 6.7 for two different sites) showed high affinity. The density of the M₃-muscarinic receptor subtype was low, but this subtype could be detected with statistical significance when methoctramine was used as the competitor against ³H-NMS binding.     

一株苦参内生真菌的抑菌特性及活性成分的结构鉴定

 【目的】分离药用植物苦参内生真菌,明确其抑菌特性,确定内生真菌BS001发酵产生抗菌物质的种类及结构。【方法】采用常规的组织分离法对内生真菌进行分离,平板菌块法测定抑菌特性,捷克八层析试验确定其极性,柱层析及冷冻干燥的方法对其分离纯化,并利用TLC生物自显影进行跟踪,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定其纯度,1H-NMR、13C-NMR以及液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）等方法对其进行结构鉴定。【结果】从苦参种子中分离出1株内生真菌菌株,编号为BS001。该菌株对辣椒疫霉病菌、番茄炭疽病菌、油菜菌核病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌等病原菌具有抑制效果,其中对番茄炭疽病菌的抑菌直径达2.734 cm。其发酵液经进一步分离纯化后,用波谱学技术对其抑菌活性成分进行鉴定,结果表明其结构为6,7-(2′E)dibutenyl-5,8-dihydroxy-(Z)-cyclooct- 2-ene-1,4-dione。【结论】苦参中存在1株对多种病原菌具有抑制作用的内生真菌,经鉴定为土曲霉（Aspergillus terreu）。在该菌株发酵液中得到一种新抗菌活性物质,可用于生物药物及生物农药的开发。     

Photoassimilate allocation and dynamics of hotspots in roots visualized by 14C phosphor imaging

Understanding photoassimilate allocation into the roots and the release of organic substances from the roots into the rhizosphere is an important prerequisite for characterizing the belowground C input, the spatial and temporal distribution of C, and the interactions between plants and soil microorganisms. Based on ¹⁴C phosphor imaging, we visualized the allocation of assimilates into Lolium perenne roots and estimated the life time of hotspots at the root tips. Lolium shoots were labeled in a ¹⁴CO₂ atmosphere, and herbariums of roots and shoots were prepared 6 h, 2 d, and 11 d after the ¹⁴C pulse. The ¹⁴C distribution in roots and leaves revealed that pulse labeling does not yield homogeneously labeled plant material. The spatial distribution of assimilate allocation was evaluated based on the ¹⁴C specific activity expressed as digital light units (DLU mm^–2) of the imaging plates. Areas with high relative ¹⁴C activity were classified as hotspots. Strong ¹⁴C hotspots were detected mainly at the root tips already 6 h after the ¹⁴C assimilation, and they remained active for at least 2 d. Eleven days after the ¹⁴C assimilation, the hotspots at the root tips disappeared and the ¹⁴C distribution was much more even than after 6 h or after 2 d. ¹⁴C phosphor imaging proved to be a promising tool to visualize the allocation of photoassimilates into the roots and the rhizosphere and can be used to identify hotspots and their dynamics.     

用显微放射自显影法研究氚标记睾丸酮在家蚕体内的分布和积累

在家蚕(Bombyx mori L.)进入五龄时,添食氚标记睾丸酮(H-TP),用显微放射自显影技术调查其在体内的分布与积累及雌雄间的差异。结果表明,添食后3小时,中肠、后肠的细胞结构和血液中有大量的~3H-TP 分布,脂肪体只有少量~3H-TP 的印迹,马氏管、雌雄性器官和中、后部丝腺等几乎没有~3H～TP 的踪迹。添食后72小时,中肠、后肠和血液里~3H-TP 的分布量急速减少,脂肪体和中、后部丝腺已能观察到少量的~3H-TP,马氏管的管壁细胞、睾丸的生精囊、精原细胞和卵巢的卵巢管、受精囊里均有较多量的~3H-TP 分布。添食后144小时,血液和后肠中~3H-TP 分布量呈继续减弱趋势,而中肠几乎不见其痕迹。脂肪体和中、后部丝腺里~3H-TP 的放射活性与五龄中期相比,无显著变化,基本处于动态平衡中;在马氏管和雌雄性器官中,~3H-TP 的积累量仍然是有增无减。~3H-TP 在蚕体内的分布和积累,除睾丸明显多于卵巢外,其他各组织器官雌雄间无显著差异。     

红豆草胚性细胞系和非胚性细胞系DNA代谢动态的研究

以红豆草无菌苗胚轴为外植体诱导愈伤组织,在此基础上建立了“胚性细胞系”和“非胚性细胞系”。应用放射自显影方法研究了这两种细胞系的DNA合成动态,結果表明:前者DNA合成十分活跃,且DNA合成只限于发生胚的单细胞和细胞群。这些细胞迅速分裂,分别发育形成不同阶段的体细胞胚,在这一过程中,DNA代谢呈现有规律的变化,到球形胚时,DNA合成速率达到最高峰。体细胞胚中各细胞DNA合成速率的差异与体细胞胚形态学极性存在明显的相关性。至于“非胚性细胞系”,在启动分裂和形成愈伤组织过程中也是以细胞DNA复制为基础的,但在该类细胞系中,无论是DNA合成速率还是~3H-胸苷标记的细胞频率都远低于胚性细胞系。DNA代谢动态在这两类细胞系中存在着明显的差异。     

Blood appearance, metabolic transformation and plasma transport proteins of 14C-astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The time of appearance in blood, and transport of astaxanthin, and catabolic transformation of astaxanthin to idoxanthin were investigated in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that had been force-fed a single dose of ¹⁴C-astaxanthin. In addition to the LPs, a major protein, associated with radiolabeled astaxanthin was detected. The maximum level of radiolabeled carotenoids in blood was attained 30 h after administration of ¹⁴C-astaxanthin. Radioactive idoxanthin (combined 3,4-cis and 3,4- trans glycolic isomers of idoxanthin) appeared after 6 h and a stable level was obtained after 18 h. LPDP and LP, separated by ultracentrifugation, contained on average 89 and 11% of the total radioactivity in plasma, respectively. During the 168 h experiment, maximum radioactivity in LP appeared after 22 h. Separation of plasma by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous NaCl/KBr-gradient and an iodixanol-gradient confirmed that most of the radiolabeled carotenoids were present in the HDPF that did not contain LPs (58%), whereas HDL and LDL contained 36 and 6% of the radioactivity, respectively. Of the recovered radioactivity, astaxanthin in the HDPF comprised 82%, idoxanthin 5% and unidentified compounds 12%, whereas HDL contained 78% astaxanthin, 22% idoxanthin and no unidentified compounds. Proteins from the fractions with the high density and high radioactivity (iodixanol-gradient) were separated by PAGE under non-denaturing conditions and showed a radioactive band with parallel migration length to BSA and salmon albumin. These results show that astaxanthin is rapidly converted to idoxanthin and that the majority of astaxanthin in the plasma is associated with a protein other than LPs, presumably albumin. The identity of this protein requires verification.     

标记紫萁小菇及同化标记物在天麻种胚中的运输途径

用3H 葡萄糖对紫萁小菇进行氚标记 ,然后用标记的紫萁小菇伴播天麻种子 ,观察发现标记紫萁小菇仅由天麻胚柄状细胞侵入 ,在天麻种胚细胞中同化的标记化合物由细胞壁进入并由胞压运输到细胞内 ,形成原球茎后同化标记物由维管组织运输。     

Patterns of distribution of assimilates in tubers ofSolanum tuberosum L. with time

Summary Autoradiographic studies showed the patterns of arrival and subsequent distribution of¹⁴C-labelled assimilates in the potato tuber. The internal phloem was the principal route of entry of assimilates which subsequently became more evenly distributed throughout the tuber. The patterns of distribution within the tuber following a single pulse (1 hour) feeding of¹⁴CO₂ continued to change for more than seven days afterwards. Between three and seven days after feeding an area corresponding to the xylem became almost devoid of¹⁴C-label and after fourteen days the phloem strands appeared to have ceased to carry assimilates. These observations are discussed.     

Factors affecting dystocia and birth weight in Grati cattle in Pujon,East Java

Summary

This paper discusses factors affecting dystocia and birth weight in Grati cattle in three villages in the Pujon district, East Java. Records of birth weight, dystocia score, village, season, parity, sex, artificial versus natural service, and age and weight of dam, were obtained from 268 parturitions. Village and weight of the dam had a significant effect on birth weight but not on dystocia. Parity had a significant effect on dystocia score. More abnormal births occurred with Al using exotic bulls. Calves from an abnormal birth were on average more than three kg heavier. First parity births combined with A1 with exotic bulls had a particularly high incidence of dystocia. It is concluded that farmers in Pujon can reduce the incidence of dystocia in heifers by using local bulls only.     

Distribution of Injected 14C-Diethylstilbestrol in the Chicken and Laying Hen: Whole Body Autoradiography and Impulse Counting

Distribution of intramuscularly administered ¹⁴C-diethylstilbestrol(DES)in the chicken and laying hen was studied by whole body autoradiography and impulse counting techniques. In both groups the liver showed the highest concentration of ¹⁴C. The ¹⁴C-level of the chicken liver and bile appeared greater than the same level in the hen. The ¹⁴C-content of the hen kidney was twice that found in the chicken. These findings could mean that the metabolic and excretory function of the kidney is less developed in the young chicken than in the adult bird and that the chicken liver may compensate for insufficient kidney function. The lower ^l4G-concentration of the chicken adrenal as compared to the hen, could indicate a reduced physiological activity of the young adrenal. The accumulation of radioactivity in the membrane of the follicular yolk should represent excretion. Low ¹⁴C-content was found in the skeletal muscle. It is concluded that consumer products based mainly on the liver from DES-treated chickens should not be used for consumption.