氮吸附法分析生物质焦孔隙结构

采用氮吸附法对4种生物质焦(稻壳、树叶、玉米秆、棉花秆)的孔隙结构进行测量,结果表明,不同种类焦样的比表面积和孔径分布有明显差别,树叶的比表面积最大,为242.21 m2·g-1,玉米秆的比表面积最小,为0.81 m2·g-1.850℃时,稻壳、树叶、玉米秆焦样的孔径分布曲线在微孔和中孔范围各有一个分布峰,而棉花秆焦样的孔径分布曲线只在中孔范围内出现一个分布峰.热解温度是影响孔隙结构的一个重要因素,在高温条件下,同步热解得到的焦样的比表面积较大,微孔较多.在本研究中,600℃、850℃的稻壳焦样和850℃的树叶焦样具有较大的比表面积,比较适合做吸附剂.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

嫁接幼苗正压气流导向方法及参数优化

负压吸附把持手具有对幼苗苗径变化适应性强、减少幼苗把持损伤的优点,但其难以实现对弯曲幼苗的自动吸附把持。针对上述问题,该研究提出了一种利用正压气流对弯曲幼苗进行导向的作业方法。以常见嫁接用黄瓜幼苗为代表进行研究,考察正压气流对纤细幼苗导向效果。首先进行了弯曲应力测定,结果表明,对于长轴平均直径为（1.82±0.07）mm、短轴平均直径为（1.47±0.02）mm的黄瓜幼苗在10 mm长度上矫正5 mm弯曲偏差时所需最大弯曲力平均值为（0.082±0.005）N;针对黄瓜幼苗进行了单管正压气流导向试验并进行高速摄影记录,结果表明,当正压气管内径为4 mm,负压把持手吸嘴口与正压气管口间距为25～30 mm,导向气压为0.3 MPa时,导向成功率为93.3%;为改善导向效果,对黄瓜幼苗进行双管正压气流导向试验,结果表明,在正压气管内径4 mm条件下,当负压把持手吸嘴口与正压气管口间距为20～25mm、导向气压为0.3 MPa时,黄瓜幼苗导向成功率为100%。该研究结果可为基于气力导向方法的幼苗把持作业提供技术参考。     

聚丙烯酸/板栗壳色素水凝胶吸附水中Pb(II)研究

利用板栗壳色素和丙烯酸合成水凝胶用于吸附水中的铅,分析合成工艺中板栗壳色素用量以及吸附工艺中溶液pH、初始浓度、吸附时间等因素对该水凝胶吸附Pb(II)性能的影响,探讨吸附动力学和吸附等温平衡特征。结果表明：底物配比以m_{板栗壳色素}∶m_丙烯酸=0.128为最好,此时所合成水凝胶对Pb(II)的吸附量是不加入板栗壳色素的聚丙烯酸水凝胶的1.263倍。该水凝胶具有三维网状结构,pH_pzc为4.2,氨基、羧基和羟基是Pb(II)的结合位点,适宜的吸附pH为5.6。吸附过程在120 min内达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型,化学吸附是限速步骤。吸附平衡符合Langmuir等温线模型,最大单层饱和吸附容量达到315.6 mg/g。因此,聚丙烯酸/板栗壳色素水凝胶是一种很有应用潜力的Pb(II)吸附剂。     

土壤富里酸对镉的吸附特征与影响因素的研究

采用改进的连续电位滴定法,研究了土壤富里酸对重金属镉吸附量的主要影响因素。结果表明：富里酸溶液的pH值升高,吸附量增加;富里酸浓度升高,吸附量降低;pH值升高、富里酸浓度增大,吸附率增大。吸附量和pH值之间的关系可用自然对数方程进行拟合．同时富里酸浓度越小、镉离子浓度越高,方程的斜率越大,说明吸附量的大小同时与二者密切相关。分别用Linear方程、Fruendlich方程和Langmiur方程对富里酸一镉的吸附等温线进行拟合,结果发现,pH值大于5．0时,上述方程拟合均较好;pH值小于5．0时,只能用Langmiur方程拟合。富里酸对镉的吸附系数随着pH值的升高而降低。     

硫酸盐对锌和镉在可变电荷土壤上吸附的影响

SO4^2- and Zn^2 or Cd^2 were added to three variable charge soils in different sequences.In one sequence sulfate was added first ,and in the other,Zn^2 or Cd^2 first.The addition of sulfate to the system invariably caused an increase in adsorption of the heavy metal added,with the effect more remarkable whn the soil reacted with the sulfate prior to the metal.the shift in pH50 for both Zn and Cd adsorption was aslo comparatively larger in the first sequence of reactions .It was suggested that the increase in negative charge density and the resultant negative potential of the soil were the primary cause of the pronounced effect of sulfate on adsorption of Zn or Cd,and the formaiton of the ternary surface complex-S-SO4-M might also play a role in the effect.     

时间和温度对活性炭与板栗壳吸附铜锌铅镉的影响

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,废水排放引起的水环境重金属污染问题越来越突出,去除污水中的重金属成为水环境保护的重要内容之一。本文选取活性炭与板栗壳作为吸附剂,研究在不同的时间及温度下,这2种吸附剂对废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+的吸附性能影响。研究发现,活性炭作为吸附剂时,Cu2+吸附量最大是在0.5 h时,Zn2+是在3 h时,Pb2+和Cd2+则是1 h时;用板栗壳吸附时,Cu2+和Pb2+吸附量最大在1 h,Zn2+是在1 h时,Cd2+则是0.5 h时。吸附剂为活性炭或板栗壳,温度对Zn2+的吸附率影响都不大;吸附Cu2+时,活性炭受温度的影响大于板栗壳,其吸附率随温度的升高而减小;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附受温度影响明显,均是40℃时吸附率较高,但板栗壳>活性炭,且Cd2+>Pb2+。     

Evaluation of relationship between dispersibility of soils and charge characteristics using a modified ion adsorption method; An example of soils from Wakayama Prefecture,Japan

The relationship between the charge characteristics and the dispersibility of soils from reclaimed land (highly dispersive) and adjacent forest area (physically stable) was investigated.

To evaluate the amount of soil charges quantitatively, the measurement based on cation and anion adsorption (ion adsorption method) was attempted in two ways, where special attention was paid to the solution concentration. In the conventional ion adsorption method, the treatments with concentrated solutions (1 mol L^-1) were included in the process. In the modified method, soils were treated with dilute solutions (5 mmol L^-1), in taking account of the soil solution concentration in humid temperate regions. The amount of charges derived from the modified method was smaller than that from the conventional one, especially in the high pH zone. In a preliminary experiment, the extraction of polyvalent cations from soils was found to be significantly affected by the salt concentration. Thus, the use of solutions with an excessively high concentration was considered to result in an error in the estimation of the active charges in soils which would contribute to the dispersion behavior in the field.

The applicability of the modified method for analyzing the dispersion behavior of soils was evaluated by relating the dispersibility of silts and clays at different pHs with the charge characteristics determined under the same ionic strength. The dispersion ratio of silts of the reclaimed land reached maximum values at pH 5.5, above which the ratio decreased, whereas the ratio of clays began to increase in the pH range above 6. The dispersion ratio of silts of the forest area increased in the pH range above 6, whereas that of clays remained constant at a low level in all the pH ranges below 7. The changes in the dispersibility of silt plus clay fractions corresponded to total charge characteristics determined by the modified method. Thus, the evaluation of soil charges by the modified ion adsorption method was considered to be effective to predict soil dispersibility under field conditions, indicating that it could replace electrokinetic analyses such as electrophoresis in studies on the dispersion/flocculation behavior of soils.     

The effect of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption behavior of phosphate

As repeatedly reported, soil flooding improves the availability of P to rice. This is in contrast with an increased P sorption in paddy soils. The effects of soil flooding on the transformation of Fe oxides and the adsorption/desorption of P of two paddy soils of Zhejiang Province in Southeast‐China were studied in anaerobic incubation experiments (submerging with water in N₂ atmosphere). Soil flooding significantly increased oxalate‐extractable Fe (Fe_ox), mainly at the expense of dithionite‐soluble Fe (Fe_DCB), as well as oxalate‐extractable P (P_ox), but decreased the ratio of P_ox/Fe_ox. Flooding largely increased both, P adsorption and the maximum P adsorption capacity. The majority of newly sorbed P in the soils was P_ox, but also more newly retained P was found to be not extractable by oxalate. Flooding also changed the characteristics of P desorption in the soils. Due to a decrease of the saturation index of the P sorption capacity, P adsorbed by flooded soils was much less desorbable than that from non‐flooded soils. There are obviously significant differences in the nature of both, the Fe_ox and P_ox fractions under non‐flooded and flooded conditions. The degree of the changes in Fe_ox, P_ox, P adsorption and P desorption by flooding depended on the contents of amorphous and total Fe oxides in non‐flooded soils. Our results confirm that the adsorption and desorption behavior of P in paddy soils is largely controlled by the transformation of the Fe oxides. The reasons of the often‐reported improved P availability to rice induced by flooding, in spite of the unfavorable effect on P desorbability, are discussed.     

鱼油挥发性成分分析和脱除方法

采用改进的动态顶空技术捕集、浓缩鱼油挥发性成分，并通过GCMS分析鉴定其中45个成分，结果表明。其中14个为饱和、不饱和醛类，8个为饱和、不饱和酮类。这些物质被认为是形成鱼油异味的主要成分。通过GC分析评价鱼油储藏过程中的感观变化和氧化，结果表明，GC分析的总峰面积能够指示鱼油的气味强度和氧化程度，并和感官检验结果一致。凹凸棒黏土处理鱼油取得较好脱色脱臭效果，其脱色脱臭效率分别为86．2％和84．1％。