A NEW APPROACH OF OPTIMIZATION

In this paper, a necessary optimality condition of problems with equality constraints is investigated by the implicit function theorem in n-dimensional Euclidean space. A new approach solving these problems is obtained. The number of dimensions of corresponding system of equations is less than the classic Lagrangian multiplier method.     

农业企业创新技术采纳影响因素研究 ——基于TOE研究框架

采纳行为作为创新技术在组织中应用与实施的首要步骤，对于保证后者的效果十分重要。借助近年来在技术采纳领域被广泛应用的TOE研究框架，以影响中国农业企业创新技术采纳的各类因素为研究对象，从创新技术特性、企业组织特性和外部环境特性3个方面科学地归纳出技术的感知收益、成本、相容性和组织的集权化、正规化、企业规模、高层主管的创新特性以及外部环境中竞争压力、政府的推动作用、已采纳者的影响等10项指标，不仅丰富了农业技术采纳理论，而且对于农业企业技术创新实践也具有重大的指导价值。     

技术潜在效益认知与农业废弃物循环技术采纳行为——以桃枝废弃物循环为例

为推进农业废弃物循环技术采纳,提高资源利用效率,降低农业面源污染,以北京市平谷区大桃种植户的微观调研数据为样本,运用结构方程模型实证分析了技术潜在效益对桃枝废弃物循环技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:1)社会效益认知、生态效益认知与采纳行为有正相关关系,作用机制生态效益认知>社会效益认知,经济效益与采纳行为呈负相关关系;2)社会效益认知对经济效益认知有正向影响,经济效益认知对生态效益认知有正向影响;3)促进农户对桃枝废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,将提高农户对该项技术的忠诚度。因此,本研究提出要发挥邻里带动作用,提高农户对技术效益的认知程度,通过制定差异化政策、加强产学研融合,促进农户对农业废弃物循环技术的采纳行为,推动绿色农业发展。     

农户改厕与其使用行为悖离现象探究——基于宁夏微观调研数据

人居环境整治是乡村振兴的必然要求,“厕所革命”则是其中的关键环节,而提升农户对卫生厕所的使用率无疑是当前“厕所革命”中亟待解决的重大现实问题。为此,基于技术接受模型,利用宁夏微观农户调研数据,采用二元Logit模型,阐明农户改厕与其使用行为悖离之因,探究其影响因素和内在逻辑。结果表明：样本中89.14%的农户完成了户厕改造,但其中有39.69%的卫生厕所却长期处于闲置状态,农户改厕与其使用行为发生显著悖离。究其故,改厕方式和农户使用条件的差异及其从众意识的影响,导致卫生厕所使用率在村级层面呈两极分化,这看似农户生活成本提高所致,实则是其思想消极、条件限制而为。而且,受农户感知有用性结构性的偏差、设施便利条件不高和农户感知易用性不强等因素限制,使得农户对卫生厕所需求和参与意愿仍处于较低水平。据此,提出整改完善现有存量、科学谋划未来增量,充分发挥农户主体作用,提高农户参与意愿和责任担当等政策建议。     

Reflections on the influence of a synthesis of circle‐hook evidence on the angling community and conservation policy and practice

1. Understanding how different forms of environmental evidence inform the actions of different stakeholders is useful to improve how we share knowledge with knowledge users. Reflections on a literature review that we published in 2004 on circle hooks as a tool for fish conservation in the recreational fishing sector identified a number of ways in which that synthesis was influential.
2. The article has had direct influence on policy and regulations in a number of countries, but there were even more examples of where the article has been used to influence voluntary guidelines. The article also contributed to formally defining circle hooks, which was necessary from a regulatory and enforcement perspective.
3. The recreational fishing community has also embraced the work, with numerous angling articles based on the literature review appearing in the media and with some angler organizations pushing for the adoption of circle hooks. The fishing tackle industry has also responded with evidence that circle hooks are now more widely available in stores with more hook design options to suit diverse recreational fisheries. In addition, the influence of the article has extended beyond the recreational sector to commercial fishery issues that span several taxa. The research agenda from the article helped to direct research for more than a decade and has since been updated.
4. Overall, this review was timely in that it provided various knowledge users with credible information synthesized in a thoughtful manner at a time when there was interest and need in exploring circle hooks as a tool to enhance the conservation of angled fish. Although this was not a systematic review, it still served as a form of evidence synthesis that gave diverse knowledge users information to guide them in their decisions.

     

Logging pattern and landscape changes over the last century at the boreal and deciduous forest transition in Eastern Canada

Forestry practices associated with the industrial era (since ~1900) have altered the natural disturbance regimes and greatly impacted the world’s forests. We quantified twentieth century logging patterns and regional scale consequences in three sub-boreal forest landscapes of Eastern Canada (117,000, 49,400 and 92,300 ha), comparing forestry maps depicting age and forest cover types for early industrial (1930) and present-day (2000) conditions. Results were similar for the three landscapes, indicating large-scale forest change during the twentieth century. In 1930, previous logging activities had been concentrated in the lowlands and along the main hydrographical network, as compared to a more even distribution over the landscapes in 2000, reflecting a decreasing influence of the environmental constraints on forest harvesting. In 1930, old-aged forests (>100 years) accounted for more than 75% of the unlogged areas of the three landscapes, as compared to less than 15% for the present-day conditions. Logging practices have thus inverted the stand age distribution of the landscapes that are currently dominated by young and regenerating stands. The 1930 forest cover types showed a clear relationship with elevation, with conifers located in the lowlands and mixed and deciduous stands restricted to the upper slopes. Between 1930 and 2000, 58–64% of the conifer areas transformed to mixed and deciduous forests, such that no clear altitudinal relationships remained in 2000. We conclude that twentieth century logging practices have strongly altered the preindustrial vegetation patterns in our study area, to the point that ecosystem-based management strategies should be developed to restore conifer dominance, altitudinal gradients, as well as the irregular structure inspired from old forest stands.     

后置式卷帘机安装使用方法及经济效益分析

介绍后置式大棚卷帘机的基本结构和工作过程,详细说明其安装技术要点,指出其在使用中应注意的事项,并对使用卷帘机和人工卷帘进行经济效益分析,证明使用卷帘机作业具有减轻劳动强度、节约作业成本、提高作业效率、增产增收等优点。     

基于产量的稻田肥力质量评价及障碍因子区划——以进贤县为例

土壤肥力质量评价及土壤肥力障碍因子分析,对于区域土壤利用和改良、指导农业生产结构布局具有重要意义。以江西省进贤县为研究区,通过水稻遥感解译测产,结合主成分分析进行土壤质量评价;采用综合指数法表征土壤肥力质量水平,分析该区域低肥力质量区域主要障碍因素,并进行障碍因子区划。结果表明,该地区土壤肥力质量评价的最小数据集(MDS)指标包括:有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、全钾(TK)、交换性钙(Ex.Ca)、容重、粉黏比;土壤质量综合指数与水稻产量相关系数达到0.73(p0.01),以当地水稻平均产量7.215 t hm~(-2)确定土壤质量综合指数阈值为0.65。分析得出,该地区影响土壤肥力的主要障碍包括有机质含量低和容重较大反映的低熟化度障碍、中量元素缺乏反映的酸化障碍、全钾含量低和高粉黏比反映的结构障碍等。根据障碍因素将研究区域划分为三大障碍区:东南部丘陵区主要障碍因子为酸化和土壤结构障碍;中西部低岗平原主要为土壤酸化障碍;北部滨湖区主要障碍为水稻土熟化程度低。通过对不同区域施行针对性改良措施有益于提高土壤肥力。     

基于模糊定权的模糊可信性约束二次规划模型

为了最大化黑河中游作物产生的经济效益和社会效益,采用模糊定权的方法将多目标效益转化为作物的综合效益权重,并将该权重应用于作物的水分生产函数中,对甘州区、临泽县和高台县的作物(小麦和玉米)进行水量优化配置.该模型为模糊可信性约束二次规划模型,模糊可信性约束中采用三角模糊数,可信性置信水平分别取0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9和1.0.以2011年的水量优化为例,优化后较优化前作物的配水量减少了3 701.25万m³,产量增加了1 291.28万kg,经济效益和社会效益分别提升了0.28亿元和0.18万人.另外,规划年2020年作物水量配置较现状年(2011年)的小麦和玉米的配水量分别减少了4.98%~5.24%和11.01%~12.07%,缺水情况得到改善.不同条件下的配水结果能够给决策者提供不同的方案.     

直接接触式换热器传热性能优化

建立了以容积换热系数为目标函数,工质流率U₀、喷头喷孔直径d_i、导热油液位高度Z为决策变量的直接接触式换热器性能优化模型,同时进一步将液滴群行为与传热协同关系作为约束条件引入优化模型中,重点分析该约束条件对优化过程及结果的影响。运用遗传算法对原模型和补充模型进行了优化分析,结果表明：原模型优化后的容积换热系数达到了初始值的6.7倍;而补充模型最优值的迭代次数比原模型减小了约55%,同时最优值比原模型提高了0.3%。所以该约束条件不仅提高了迭代速率,还提高了寻求全局最优值的概率,使得最优解更逼近全局最优值。