日本修订乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷限量对我国出口食用菌影响分析

基于日本公告修订食用菌中乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷农药残留限量,结合我国食用菌产品输日情况,分析潜在风险并提出建议对策。     

花椰菜中乙酰甲胺磷、氧化乐果两种农药残留的分离测定

 应用GB/T 5009.20-1996和目前文献报道的方法测定花椰菜中的乙酰甲胺磷和氧化乐果两种农药残留容易误判,本文建立了花椰菜中乙酰甲胺磷和氧化乐果两种农药残留的测定方法。采用非极性柱DB-1和中极性柱DB-17气相色谱法同时分离测定。结果表明可用非极性柱DB-1测定花椰菜中的乙酰甲胺磷;用中极性柱DB-17测定花椰菜中的氧化乐果。最小检出限分别为:乙酰甲胺磷0.008 mg/kg,氧化乐果0.020 mg/kg. 回收率为:乙酰甲胺磷99.3%～108.5%,氧化乐果102.6%～107.9%. 双毛细管柱、双检测器气相色谱法同时测定花椰菜中的乙酰甲胺磷和氧化乐果残留量,可避开花椰菜特有化合物的干扰,并且具有灵敏度和准确度高、检测速度快等优点。     

毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、阿维菌素防治枸杞瘿螨药效试验

枸杞生长期长，害虫种类多且危害严重。枸杞瘿螨是危害枸杞的主要螨类，危害广泛而严重。除4月中旬枸杞展叶，5月下旬，6月上旬新枝萌发瘿螨向嫩叶、新枝扩散而暴露于瘿外，其余时间都在瘿内危害，防治难度非常大。该试验在室内就40%毒死蜱、30%乙酰甲胺磷、0.9%阿维菌素3种药剂毒力及其对枸杞瘿螨防治效果进行试验检测，表明这3种药剂对枸杞瘿螨均有显著的防治效果，可以在生产中推广应用。     

Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites in a humid-tropical vegetable production system

BACKGROUND: High amounts of insecticides are often used in intensive tropical vegetable production systems. Their persistence and residues in vegetables and soils need to be studied to ensure food safety and environmental stability. The dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites was studied in green mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.] and soils. Two treatments, Impact 75 (acephate) and Agent 505 (cypermethrin plus chlorpyrifos), were applied 4 times at weekly intervals. RESULTS: Dissipation of acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in green mustard and topsoils followed first‐order kinetics, with half‐lives of between 1.1 and 3.1 days in green mustard and between 1.4 and 9.4 days in topsoils (26 °C). Higher vapour pressure of insecticides and higher rainfall appeared to stimulate dissipation from the vegetable, with least effect of rainfall on chlorpyrifos. Dissipation rates in the vegetable were faster or similar (cypermethrin) to rates observed for temperate areas. Preharvest intervals of 13, 4 and 3 days were required for acephate, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their metabolites to comply with the tolerance levels. The pesticide dissipation rates in soils varied by less than a factor of 3 between sites. The metabolites methamidophos and TCP derived from acephate and chlorpyrifos amounted to less than 10 and 25% by mass of the parent compounds in soils. Vegetable shading possibly retarded pesticide degradation in soil. CONCLUSION: The dissipation of pesticides and their metabolites in the vegetable was rapid and faster than the dissipation in temperate climates. The degradation rates of pesticides in the soil were equal to or slightly faster than the degradation rates in temperate soils. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油对水稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果与技术

对30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)的田间效果进行了试验。结果表明:使用30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油防治水稻纵卷叶螟的杀虫效果均在71.7%以上,保叶效果高达83.8%。     

作物和土壤中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷消解研究

为评价乙酰甲胺磷在作物上使用的安全性,采用气相色谱法研究了不同气候条件(亚热带和暖温带)下的4种作物(甘蓝、萝卜、水稻、柑桔)和8个土壤样品(4种作物各自在两个试验地点的土壤)中乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷的消解情况。结果表明:乙酰甲胺磷在作物和土壤中均可代谢产生甲胺磷,作物中的2 h甲胺磷代谢产率主要由作物种类决定。作物中乙酰甲胺磷的消解半衰期为3.1~13.5 d,甲胺磷为2.7~12.8 d;土壤中乙酰甲胺磷的半衰期为1.4~6.4 d,甲胺磷为4.5~10.7 d。土壤pH值对乙酰甲胺磷的消解影响显著,其在碱性土壤中消解较快。具有较高净辐射的气候条件会促进乙酰甲胺磷及甲胺磷在作物中的消解,因此种植在暖温带气候条件下的作物上使用乙酰甲胺磷较种植在亚热带气候条件下的具有更高的甲胺磷残留风险。乙酰甲胺磷施用在叶菜类蔬菜上可能会有较高的甲胺磷残留风险,建议叶菜类蔬菜应谨慎使用乙酰甲胺磷。     

Evaluation of neonicotinoid, organophosphate and avermectin trunk injections for the management of avocado thrips in California avocado groves

BACKGROUND: Trunk injections of systemic insecticides were evaluated for the management of avocado thrips. Insecticide residues were quantified in leaves to determine when after treatment, and for how long, toxic concentrations of the insecticides were present. Residues in fruit were quantified to determine whether trunk injection of insecticides might present a greater risk than traditional application methods for contaminating fruit. RESULTS: Residues of imidacloprid and dinotefuran were at least tenfold higher in leaves when trees were treated via trunk injection compared with soil application. Dinotefuran uptake was more rapid than imidacloprid, and no residues were detected within fruit. Acephate was also mobilized very rapidly and gave good control of thrips in bioassays; however, residues of acephate and its insecticidal metabolite methamidophos were detected in the fruit for up to 4 weeks after injection. Avermectin uptake was very slow, and it was ineffective against avocado thrips. CONCLUSIONS: Trunk injections of acephate and dinotefuran permitted rapid uptake into avocados, and they are strong candidates as control methods for avocado thrips. However, residues of organophosphates in fruit could necessitate increased preharvest intervals. Residues of neonicotinoids were below detection limits in fruit, suggesting that neonicotinoids may be the more suitable control option of the two chemical classes. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

乙酰甲胺磷在扁豆中残留的研究

利用高效液相色谱对SE-106及交大青扁豆1号两个品种的扁豆荚中乙酰甲胺磷在经过0天、3天、6天及9天的自然消解,以及0小时、4小时、8小时及12小时水洗处理后的残留量进行分析,发现品种之间具有显著差异,自然消解条件下相同时间SE-106中乙酰甲胺残留量显著高于交大青扁豆1号,残留量下降速率3-6天内前者显著大于后者。水洗条件下0-8小时内相同时间点SE-106中乙酰甲胺磷残留量显著高于交大青扁豆1号,4-12小时内残留量下降速率前者显著大于后者。不同的处理方法乙酰甲胺残留量水洗处理效果明显好于自然消解处理。     

乙酰甲胺磷对家蚕的毒性与安全性试验

乙酰甲胺磷对家蚕3龄起蚕的急性食下毒性（LC50）为41.80 mg/L,中等毒性;在常规使用浓度下对家蚕无熏蒸毒性。用30%乙酰甲胺磷EC 300倍、600倍和1200倍稀释液对桑树进行局部喷叶或根灌处理,喷药桑叶对3龄起蚕无中毒死亡的间隔时间为30 d、25 d和25 d,在桑叶上的残毒期中等偏长;未直接喷药的桑叶可使家蚕出现不同程度的中毒死亡,表明乙酰甲胺磷可通过桑叶、桑根内吸传导至上部桑叶。结果表明,乙酰甲胺磷用于防治桑园害虫应注意掌握安全间隔时间。     

乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷在辣椒酱加工过程中的残留量变化

为了研究乙酰甲胺磷及有毒代谢产物甲胺磷在辣椒酱加工过程中的加工因子,从而优化辣椒酱的加工过程,本研究采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器(GC-FPD)分别检测辣椒酱加工中清洗、自然发酵和灭菌3个步骤中2种农药残留量的变化。结果表明:经流动水冲洗后,乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的加工因子分别为0.71和0.58;自然发酵过程中,经发酵微生物作用,有部分乙酰甲胺磷降解为甲胺磷,乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的加工因子分别为0.68和1.17;灭菌过程对2种农药残留量的变化影响不大。综合考虑辣椒酱的品质和农药残留两方面因素,建议尽量适当延长辣椒的清洗时间,在不影响辣椒酱品质的前提下,发酵过程中加入一定量的澄清剂,加强对2种农药的吸附作用。