Genome wide association studies (GWAS) of element contents in grain with a special focus on zinc and iron in a world collection of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) were carried out to map Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) associated with element contents in the grain using 336 spring barley. Of the elements analyzed, Fe content ranged from 21.9 to 91.0 mg kg⁻¹, Zn from 10.4 to 54.5 mg kg⁻¹, Ba from 0.2 to 8.9, Ca from 186.4 to 977.5, Cu from 1.5 to 9.8, K from 353.2 to 7721.5, Mg from 1049.8 to 2024.2, Mn from 8.1 to 22.9, Na from 55.9 to 627.9, P from 2272.9 to 5428.8, S from 880.7 to 1898.0, Si from 19.1 to 663.2, and Sr from 0.35 to 2.62 mg kg⁻¹. GWAS were carried out using 6519 SNP markers and multiple elements in MLM:PCA + K model in TASSEL software. Population analyses showed two sub-populations, primarily based on row types. GWAS for row types showed association with INTERMEDIUM-C, a modifier gene for lateral spikelet fertility in the 4H chromosome, validating current GWAS approach. GWAS also showed that 2 QTL for Ba, 2 for Ca, 4 for Cu, 11 for Fe, 2 for K, 3 for Mg, 6 for Mn, 4 for Na, 3 for S, 5 for Si, and 3 for Zn were mapped in barley chromosomes. The QTL identified in the current study are valuable for breeding nutrient dense barley cultivars in the future, especially Zn and Fe.     

Compatibility of root growth and tuber production of potato cultivars with dynamic and static water‐saving irrigation managements

The important root characteristics of root length density (RLD) and root mass density (RMD) generally differ among irrigation managements and potato cultivars. The objective of this study was to investigate the RLD and RMD variations and their functional relationships with gross potato tuber yield for two commercial potato cultivars, Agria and Sante, under different irrigation strategies. Full irrigation and water‐saving irrigation strategies, deficit and partial root drying irrigations, were applied statically (S) and dynamically (D) based on daily crop evapotranspiration. Results showed that SPRD had significantly greater RLD (3.64 cm/cm³) and RMD (132.7 μg/cm³) than other irrigation treatments. Between the potato cultivars, Agria had significantly larger values of RLD (3.50 cm/cm³) and RMD (138.7 μg/cm³) than Sante. The functional relationship between the root growth characteristics and tuber yield showed that under water‐saving irrigations, Agria increased root mass at the expense of gross tuber yield but Sante increased root mass to maintain larger gross tuber yields. However, Agria produced more roots and gross tuber yield than Sante, and it is concluded that Agria is a more drought‐tolerant potato cultivar, which is recommended for tuber production in regions where water might be scarce. It was shown that larger root production in potatoes was associated with improved tolerance to water stress.     

甘肃陇南小麦不同品种类型抗条锈性变化特点分析

 1973~2002年的30年间,在我国小麦条锈病常发易变区的陇南,对小麦主要生产品种的抗条锈性变化动态进行了系统的观察,选择具垂直抗性、慢条锈性、高温抗性和持久抗性等不同类型的7个品种的观测数据进行了分析,认为里勃留拉和N.斯特拉姆潘列长期保持了稳定的抗锈性。里勃留拉的抗性可能由多对微效基因控制,N.斯特拉姆潘列的抗性可能由主效基因控制,兰天12号所具有的慢锈性和兰天1号的高温抗性以及抗条锈基因的合理布局对延长品种抗性也有一定作用。     

不同苜蓿品种对叶片愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的影响

以7个苜蓿品种叶片为外植体,采用3种诱导培养基、5种分化培养基,共15个组合,研究了不同品种间愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的差异。结果表明,不同苜蓿品种间植株再生率差异显著,超级13R在7个苜蓿品种中表现最佳。     

东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌的动态研究

对东北羊草草地土壤-植物间锌含量的动态研究结果表明:土壤中全锌含量较低,有效锌含量中等,植物体不缺锌。在生长季各时期,全锌和有效锌含量在土壤剖面分布从上向下呈下降趋势,有效锌含量与有机质含量呈显著正相关而与pH值呈显著负相关。由于淋溶作用土壤深层含量增加。全锌各月平均含量变化在生长季呈“V”型曲线,7月含量最低;有效锌平均含量从5–8月与全锌相似,8月后则逐渐减少。羊草各器官及枯落物全锌和有效锌含量有很大变化,总的趋势是:根>根茎>叶>茎>枯落物;有效锌含量A层与B层的比值比全锌含量A层与B层的比值高2倍多,这说明A层土壤富集有效锌的能力强。羊草根部富集的锌含量平均为土壤有效锌含量的44.17倍。根部的吸收强度与土壤中锌的活性成显著负相关(r=-0.8800,p<0.01)。图5表1参23。     

禁用面粉增白剂后保证中国传统面食品色泽品质的对策

为了满足市场和消费者对面粉及其制品色泽品质的需求,针对国家《小麦粉》新标准(GB1355-2005)禁用增白剂的规定,探讨并提出了替代过氧苯甲酰(BPO)、保证中国面粉及其食品色泽品质的措施:第一,研制和开发生物型和营养型面粉改良剂,特别是以脂肪酶、α-淀粉酶、木聚糖酶等生物酶为主的一些酶制剂,靠酶的催化作用,既保证面制品表面及内部组织均匀、表皮光滑洁白,又消除了BPO类化学物质对人体健康的不利影响;第二,培育高自然白度小麦新品种,特别是种皮薄、出粉率高、胚乳色素低、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性低的小麦新品种,用其生产高自然白度的面粉或不易褐变的食品,从原料上解决问题;第三,引导消费者正确对待面粉及食品白度问题,让消费者从营养和健康上认识BPO等化学增白剂的危害,了解小麦自然粉色的本质及面粉、食品色泽变化的原因,改变面粉及制品色泽越白越好的传统观念.     

Zn2+浓度对鸡腿菇菌丝体生长的影响

将不同浓度的Zn2 加入鸡腿菇JM-08的发酵液中,研究其对菌丝体生长的影响.结果表明,不同浓度的Zn2 对菌丝体生物量、富集Zn2 量以及POD活性均有促进作用,且与对照组达到显著性差异(P＜0.05).当Zn2 浓度为200mg·L-1时,菌丝体生物量和POD活性均达到最大值,Zn2 浓度为300mg·L-1时,菌丝体Zn2 含量达到最大值.     

喷锌对蕹菜锌含量及产量的影响

不同喷施浓度及喷施次数对蕹菜产量及茎叶锌含量的影响结果表明：喷施０．０５％及０．１％的硫酸锌液均能提高蕹菜的产量,但以０．０５％的处理对产量的提高作用最明显,浓度超过０．１％时,对蕹菜生长有抑制作用提高喷锌浓度,蕹菜锌含量的增加为叶片大于茎;喷施１～２次,有明显的增产效果,喷施超过２次反而减产;随着喷施次数的增加,蕹菜锌含量也增加。     

汉源铅锌矿区植物对Pb和Zn的积累及耐性研究

采取野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,对汉源3个典型矿区内17种优势植物中Pb和zn的吸收富集特点进行了分析。结果表明．17种植物对Pb和Zn的吸收有较大差异,其中：星毛角柱花、籽粒苋的地上部分和曼陀罗的地下部分对Pb的积累较好,积累含量分别为331．63、226．44和253．13mg·k^-1;新樟的地下部分和银柳的地上部分对zn的积累能力较强,积累含量分别达到1068．40和823．32mg·kg^-1：蔗茅的地下部分以及大乌泡的地上部分对Pb和Zn均表现出较强的富集能力,其Pb积累含量分别达到455．75和673．52mg·kg^-1,其Zn含量为1317．62和893．34mg·kg^-1。同时,籽粒苋、卷柏、蜈蚣草、冬青对Pb和ZII以及新樟对Pb的生物迁移系数均大于1,尤以新樟对Pb和卷柏对Zn的生物迁移系数最为突出,分别高达15．88和8．44。虽然所有植物均未达到超富集植物临界含量要求,但其部分体内已形成耐性,成为Pb和Zn耐性植物,其中蔗茅、大乌泡、新樟、籽粒苋和曼陀罗5种植物,可以作为潜在的Pb和Zn污染修复物种。     

干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Zn复合污染下重金属形态及其生物有效性的研究

通过模拟基于Cd-Zn复合污染下干旱区绿洲土壤的胡萝卜盆栽试验,用Tessier连续提取法对胡萝卜土壤中Cd、Zn的形态分布进行分析,同时就生物利用性形态的变化研究了Cd、Zn的生物有效性。结果表明:1)原状土壤中Cd和Zn主要以残渣态存在,随着复合胁迫浓度的增加,Cd的主要赋存形态逐步转变为碳酸盐结合态和可交换态,Zn主要赋存形态逐步转变为以铁锰氧化态和残渣态,但有效态和潜在有效态的比例大大增加。2)胡萝卜对Cd、Zn的富集作用均为地上部分大于地下部分,对Cd的富集能力远远大于Zn。3)胡萝卜吸收的Cd和Zn不仅包括可交换态和碳酸盐结合态,还包括了在一定条件下释放出来的铁锰氧化态和有机结合态。